다이아몬드상 카본필름 한국과학기술연구원 이 광 렬.

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다이아몬드상 카본필름 한국과학기술연구원 이 광 렬

탄소, Carbon, 炭素 다이아몬드 흑연 석탄, 숯

Carbon Atomic Bond Structure

What is DLC ? Amorphous Solid Carbon Film Mixture of sp1, sp2 and sp3 Hybridized Bonds High Content of Hydrogen (20-60%) Synonyms Diamond-like Carbon (Hydrogenated) amorphous carbon (a-C:H) i-Carbon Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon

TAC sp2 H sp3 DAC PAC TAC:H GAC No film

a-C:H ta-C

Properties of Solid Carbon Property Diamond DLC Graphite Density (g/cm3) 3.51 1.8 – 3.6 2.26 Atomic Number Density (Mole/cm3) 0.3 0.2 – 0.3 0.2 Hardness (Kgf/mm2) 7000 - 10000 2000 - 8000 <500 Friction Coeff. 0.05 0.03 – 0.2 Refractive Index 2.42 1.8 – 2.6 2.15 – 1.8 Transparency UV-VIS-IR VIS-IR Opaque Resistivity (Wcm) >1016 1010 - 1013 0.2 – 0.4

Structure and Mechanical Properties Hardness 3-D interlink of the atomic bond network Residual Stress Distortion of bond angle and length Both are dependent on the degree of 3-D interlinks. 2-D Analogy of the Structure

Electronic Structure p state has strong tendency of clustering. Two phase model was suggested p bonded clusters : Electric properties sp3 Interlinks : Mechanical properties Electronic structure depends mainly on p states, because the states are located near Fermi level. Eg (optical gap) depends on the degree of clustering of the p state.

Electrical Properties Conduction Mechanism Discontinuous hopping between localized states distributed in the mobility gap either near a conduction band edge or near Fermi energy. (Hopping Mechanism) Mixture of Crystalline and Amorphous Phases Mixture in Conduction Mechanism

Structure and Electrical Properties Graphitic bonds  localized conduction state Overlap of the localized state  metallic conduction Higher hydrogen  higher resistivity By reducing dangling bond, i.e. localized conduction state

Historical Survey 1972 Aisenberg and Chabot : Arc Ion Beam 1979 Holland and Ohja : PACVD 1984 Mori and Namba : Ion Plating 1986 Savvides : Sputtering 1992 Collins et al : Laser Ablation Filtered Vacuum Arc

Deposition Methods Ion Source Energy Cold Substrate Impact Energy (eV) 1 10 100 1000 Amorphous Carbon (sp2) Dense Source Hydrocarbon Hydro- Polymer Like Plasma Polymers Ion Source Energy Cold Substrate

Energy Dependence of DLC

Ion Energy Distribution 이 표는 현재 코팅 공정에서 사용되고 있는 각각의 소스들에서 발생되는 이온의 에너지 분포를 나타낸 것입니다. 일반적으로 CVD나 전자빔 증발법에서 발생되는 이온의 에너지는 거의 열에너지 정도인 0.1eV를 넘지 못합니다. 그리고 이온빔이나 마그네트론 을 이용한 스팟트링에서도 발생되는 이온의 에너지는 수 eV를 넘지 못합니다. 하지만 본 실험에서 사용된 FVAS는 수십 eV 범위의 에너지를 가진 이온들을 생성할 수 있읍니다. 특히 아크 증발법에서 발생되는 증발 물질은 90% 이상의 이온화률을 가지고 있으며, 특히 자장 여과 장치를 이용하면 거의 99%의 이온을 모재까지 수송할 수 있읍니다. PACVD

Examples of Deposition Methods 다음은 Si 함유 DLC 필름을 증착하는데 사용한 장비의 간략한 모식도와 증착조건 입니다. 13.56 MHz를 사용한 R.F PACVD법을 사용하였고 Source Gas로는 벤젠과 수소로 희석된 Silane개스를 혼합하여 사용하였습니다. 증착압력은 10mtorr로 하였고, 바이어스 volatage는 -400V를 가하였습니다. 필름내 Si의 함량을 조절하기 위하여 혼합개스 내의 Silane개스의 함량을 0에서 90%로 변화시켜 가면 증착을 하였습니다. 기판은 Si(100)웨이퍼를 사용하였고, 필름의 두께는 1 micro meter로 증착하였습니다. Si함량에 따른 마찰거동을 조사하기 위하여, Si이 포함되지 않은 순수한 DLC 필름과 Si이 0.5, 2, 9.5 at.% 함유된 DLC 필름을 제작하였습니다.

Examples of Deposition Methods

합성방법의 특징 합성 방법 특징 High Productivity, Very Smooth Film PECVD (DC, HF, RF,ECR, pulsed DC) High Productivity, Very Smooth Film Low Hardness & Thermal Stability Non Uniform in Complicated Shape Sputtering : ion beam Process Compatibility for HDD Low Adhesion, Poor Film Quality Ion Beam Deposition Medium Hardness, Medium Productivity Uniform Coating for Complicated Shape High Residual Stress, Poor Adhesion Complicated Deposition System Laser Ablation High Adhesion & Hardness Low Productivity FVA (Filtered Vacuum Arc) High Hardness & Thermal Stability

Properties of Solid Carbon Property Diamond DLC Graphite Density (g/cm3) 3.51 1.8 – 3.6 2.26 Atomic Number Density (Mole/cm3) 0.3 0.2 – 0.3 0.2 Hardness (Kgf/mm2) 7000 - 10000 2000 - 8000 <500 Friction Coeff. 0.05 0.03 – 0.2 Refractive Index 2.42 1.8 – 2.6 2.15 – 1.8 Transparency UV-VIS-IR VIS-IR Opaque Resistivity (Wcm) >1016 1010 - 1013 0.2 – 0.4

Advantages of DLC Films Low Deposition Temperature (R.T. – 200oC) No limitation of Substrate Materials Smooth Surface Roughness : few nm Wide Range of Physical Properties Tunability of the Properties Uniform Large Area Deposition High Productivity and Low Cost

AFM Image of DLC coated Si

Advantages of DLC Films Low Deposition Temperature (R.T. – 200oC) No limitation of Substrate Materials Smooth Surface Roughness : few nm Wide Range of Physical Properties Tunability of the Properties Uniform Large Area Deposition High Productivity and Low Cost

Properties of Solid Carbon Property Diamond DLC Graphite Density (g/cm3) 3.51 1.8 – 3.6 2.26 Atomic Number Density (Mole/cm3) 0.3 0.2 – 0.3 0.2 Hardness (Kgf/mm2) 7000 - 10000 2000 - 8000 <500 Friction Coeff. 0.05 0.03 – 0.2 Refractive Index 2.42 1.8 – 2.6 2.15 – 1.8 Transparency UV-VIS-IR VIS-IR Opaque Resistivity (Wcm) >1016 1010 - 1013 0.2 – 0.4

IR Transmittance of DLC Coated Ge Windows

Advantages of DLC Films Low Deposition Temperature (R.T. – 200oC) No limitation of Substrate Materials Smooth Surface Roughness : few nm Wide Range of Physical Properties Tunability of the Properties Uniform Large Area Deposition High Productivity and Low Cost

Courtesy of J&L Tech. Ltd

Problems of DLC Films Thermal Instability Degradation at High Temperature (400 – 600oC) High Residual Compressive Stress Max. 10 GPa Poor Adhesion Stable Chemical Bonds Especially on Ferrous Materials

Structure and Mechanical Properties Hardness 3-D interlink of the atomic bond network Residual Stress Distortion of bond angle and length Both are dependent on the degree of 3-D interlinks. 2-D Analogy of the Structure

Failure during Tribotest Self Delamination Failure during Tribotest

DLC 필름의 특성과 응용 2,000 - 8,000Hv 구 분 특 성 응 용 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 구 분 특 성 응 용 2,000 - 8,000Hv (cf. Diamond 10,000Hv) 비철금속 가공용 공구, 정밀금형의 표면경화코팅 High hardness 치구, GEAR, SURGICAL BLADE, HARD DISK등의 고체 윤활 코팅 Low friction and high wear resist. 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 (cf. Stainless Steel : 0.6 - 0.7) Chemical Inertness 산 또는 알카리와 반응치 않는다 부식 방지막, 인체삽입물의 BIO-COMPATIBLE COATING Optical Transmittance 특히 적외선 영역의 높은 광투과도 IR WINDOW, SCANNER WINDOW의 표면보호 코팅

경질박막의 내마모 윤활특성 DLC WC TiN CrN TiCN 마모도 마찰계수. 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 (상대비교치) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

DLC 필름의 특성과 응용 2,000 - 8,000Hv 구 분 특 성 응 용 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 구 분 특 성 응 용 2,000 - 8,000Hv (cf. Diamond 10,000Hv) 비철금속 가공용 공구, 정밀금형의 표면경화코팅 High hardness 치구, GEAR, SURGICAL BLADE, HARD DISK등의 고체 윤활 코팅 Low friction and high wear resist. 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 (cf. Stainless Steel : 0.6 - 0.7) Chemical Inertness 산 또는 알카리와 반응치 않는다 부식 방지막, 인체삽입물의 BIO-COMPATIBLE COATING Optical Transmittance 특히 적외선 영역의 높은 광투과도 IR WINDOW, SCANNER WINDOW의 표면보호 코팅

DLC 필름의 특성과 응용 2,000 - 8,000Hv 구 분 특 성 응 용 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 구 분 특 성 응 용 2,000 - 8,000Hv (cf. Diamond 10,000Hv) 비철금속 가공용 공구, 정밀금형의 표면경화코팅 High hardness 치구, GEAR, SURGICAL BLADE, HARD DISK등의 고체 윤활 코팅 Low friction and high wear resist. 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 (cf. Stainless Steel : 0.6 - 0.7) Chemical Inertness 산 또는 알카리와 반응치 않는다 부식 방지막, 인체삽입물의 BIO-COMPATIBLE COATING Optical Transmittance 특히 적외선 영역의 높은 광투과도 IR WINDOW, SCANNER WINDOW의 표면보호 코팅

Video Cassette Recorder

DLC 코팅 VTR 헤드드럼 Courtesy of Daewoo Electronics Co.

DLC Coated Digital VCR Tape

HDD용 Hard Disk

DLC coated Head Slider

DLC 필름의 특성과 응용 2,000 - 8,000Hv 구 분 특 성 응 용 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 구 분 특 성 응 용 2,000 - 8,000Hv (cf. Diamond 10,000Hv) 비철금속 가공용 공구, 정밀금형의 표면경화코팅 High hardness 치구, GEAR, SURGICAL BLADE, HARD DISK등의 고체 윤활 코팅 Low friction and high wear resist. 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 (cf. Stainless Steel : 0.6 - 0.7) Chemical Inertness 산 또는 알카리와 반응치 않는다 부식 방지막, 인체삽입물의 BIO-COMPATIBLE COATING Optical Transmittance 특히 적외선 영역의 높은 광투과도 IR WINDOW, SCANNER WINDOW의 표면보호 코팅

Schematic of Diesel Engine

Results of Wear Test under Dry Lubrication Conditions

Result of Dynamo Test (900h) Hard Cr Coated Ring DLC coated Ring Before Test Before Test After Test After test

Hard Cr Coated Piston Ring DLC/Cr Coated Piston Ring 6.5mm 100mm Before Test Before Test 5.3mm After Test After Test

Sliding Tools for Electron Gun Grids (2) manipulate the electron beam. Sliding Tools is used to make spacing between the grids (Tolerance is about 4mm) Smooth grid surface and parallel positioning are important.

DLC Coated Sliding Tools Low friction Long life time Electrical insulation No corrosion on the shelves Courtesy of J&L Tech. Co., Ltd.

DLC 필름의 특성과 응용 2,000 - 8,000Hv 구 분 특 성 응 용 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 구 분 특 성 응 용 2,000 - 8,000Hv (cf. Diamond 10,000Hv) 비철금속 가공용 공구, 정밀금형의 표면경화코팅 High hardness 치구, GEAR, SURGICAL BLADE, HARD DISK등의 고체 윤활 코팅 Low friction and high wear resist. 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 (cf. Stainless Steel : 0.6 - 0.7) Chemical Inertness 산 또는 알카리와 반응치 않는다 부식 방지막, 인체삽입물의 BIO-COMPATIBLE COATING Optical Transmittance 특히 적외선 영역의 높은 광투과도 IR WINDOW, SCANNER WINDOW의 표면보호 코팅

IC Packaging

IC Packaging Process (DIP, SOP, QFP, LCC)

DLC Coated EMC Molding Cavity High Wear Resistance Low Friction Surface Stability

DLC Coated Forming Dies High Wear Resistance Low Friction Separability from Solder

DLC Coated Chip Carrying Tools High Wear Resistance Surface Stability

DLC Coated CD-R Pressing Die Courtesy of J&L Tech. Co., Ltd.

CD Surface Formed by Using Uncoated Mold RMS roughness = 1.31nm

CD surface formed by using DLC coated mold RMS roughness = 0.95nm

DLC 필름의 특성과 응용 2,000 - 8,000Hv 구 분 특 성 응 용 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 구 분 특 성 응 용 2,000 - 8,000Hv (cf. Diamond 10,000Hv) 비철금속 가공용 공구, 정밀금형의 표면경화코팅 High hardness 치구, GEAR, SURGICAL BLADE, HARD DISK등의 고체 윤활 코팅 Low friction and high wear resist. 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 (cf. Stainless Steel : 0.6 - 0.7) Chemical Inertness 산 또는 알카리와 반응치 않는다 부식 방지막, 인체삽입물의 BIO-COMPATIBLE COATING Optical Transmittance 특히 적외선 영역의 높은 광투과도 IR WINDOW, SCANNER WINDOW의 표면보호 코팅

인공 고관절 및 무릎관절 무릎관절 고관절

Biological Application of DLC DLC Coating for Wear Resistance

인공 심장, 수정체 인공심장 판막 인공수정체

DLC Coated Stents

Schematic of Wear Tester Load  Load : High &Low  Surroundings : Wet Condition Dry Condition Test disk Ruby Ball Saline

Wear Volume Wear Volume DLC on Ti DLC on Ti-Alloy  Condition : 0.026 mm3 0.021mm3  Condition : High Load 3000 cycle 0.002mm3 0.002 mm3 Dry Wet Dry Wet

Life Time of DLC Coatings Fracture Cycle DLC on Ti 92250 cyc DLC on Ti-Alloy  Condition : High Load 10250 cyc 6750 cyc 3172 cyc Dry Wet Dry Wet

DLC 필름의 특성과 응용 2,000 - 8,000Hv 구 분 특 성 응 용 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 구 분 특 성 응 용 2,000 - 8,000Hv (cf. Diamond 10,000Hv) 비철금속 가공용 공구, 정밀금형의 표면경화코팅 High hardness 치구, GEAR, SURGICAL BLADE, HARD DISK등의 고체 윤활 코팅 Low friction and high wear resist. 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 (cf. Stainless Steel : 0.6 - 0.7) Chemical Inertness 산 또는 알카리와 반응치 않는다 부식 방지막, 인체삽입물의 BIO-COMPATIBLE COATING Optical Transmittance 특히 적외선 영역의 높은 광투과도 IR WINDOW, SCANNER WINDOW의 표면보호 코팅

IR Windows for Missile and Night Vision System

IR Transmittance of DLC Coated Ge Windows

Sand Blast Type Erosion Rig J. E. Field, Carvendish Lab. Cambridge University

Solid Particle Impact Erosion

Damage Pattern of Multilayer Coated Ge windows 200 sec 1000nm DLC 690nm a-Si 1900nm DLC 510nm a-Si 600 sec Ge Multilayer Structure

DLC 필름의 특성과 응용 2,000 - 8,000Hv 구 분 특 성 응 용 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 구 분 특 성 응 용 2,000 - 8,000Hv (cf. Diamond 10,000Hv) 비철금속 가공용 공구, 정밀금형의 표면경화코팅 High hardness 치구, GEAR, SURGICAL BLADE, HARD DISK등의 고체 윤활 코팅 Low friction and high wear resist. 마찰계수 0.05 - 0.2 (cf. Stainless Steel : 0.6 - 0.7) Chemical Inertness 산 또는 알카리와 반응치 않는다 부식 방지막, 인체삽입물의 BIO-COMPATIBLE COATING Optical Transmittance 특히 적외선 영역의 높은 광투과도 IR WINDOW, SCANNER WINDOW의 표면보호 코팅

Application to MEMS

DLC Coated Si Tip Array DLC Coated Si Tip Array Sharpened Si Tip Array by Ar Plasma Treatment DLC Coated Si Tip Array By RF PACVD

Conclusions Quite Matured Technology with Global Competency. Application Technology Issues are still remained. Improved adhesion to various substrate Residual stress control Design of new film structure and composition Future Application by an Advanced Coating Technology Bio-materials MEMS Devices : Anti-stiction Nano-Probe and Memory Devices