Nicotine
Where does it come from? –leafy green tobacco plant grown mainly in the Americas –nicotine very toxic when concentrated –“discovered” in 1400’s in New World and imported to Europe –grew to be very popular quickly; seen as a panacea (Jean Nicot)
Nicotine How is it used? –smoked: most nicotine in cigarettes is not ingested - just a small portion when tobacco is burned and inhaled in smoke (but 90% of inhaled nicotine is absorbed) cigarettes are the only product advertised that are lethal when used as intended –snuff:powdered tobacco mixed with salts, oils; can be used intranasally –chew: loose leaf form
Nicotine: Prevalence of Use NSDUH data 2010 –_____________ of Americans reported current smoking, which translates into about ____ million people. –Cigars _______ Smokeless _________ Monitoring the Future Study –University of Michigan –Among 12 th graders, about _______current smokers (2006) Smoking during pregnancy
Past Month Cigarette Use among Women Aged 15 to 44, by Age and Pregnancy Status: Combined
Cig Use by Age
Nicotine’s Pharmacology when smoked, nicotine reaches brain in about 7 seconds, quicker than mainlined heroin about 4,000 chemical substances are generated by chemical reactions from the intense heat of a lit cigarette ACH, DA are major neurotransmitters involved affects body/brain significantly it is a ___________ substance increases BP, heart rate, arousal level, attention biphasic nature > higher doses can relax muscles
WHAT ABOUT EXPECTANCY EFFECTS? Why Do People Say They Use This Drug – –Other?
Addiction & Withdrawal Indicators Is it Addictive? How do we know? Tolerance develops quickly, yet can’t overdose on cigarettes (but 1 drop of pure nicotine can kill you) Withdrawal symptoms occur and may last from 1-3 days; psychological symptoms may last longer DSM criteria for dependence is called ____________________. Is withdrawal syndrome identified in DSM? Intoxication?
Consequences Short-term: high BP, SOB, direct damage of lung tissue; bad breath, allergic reactions Long-term: most preventable cause of premature death; cancer, heart disease, COPD; use of smokeless tobacco produces increased risk of oral and digestive tract cancers –long-term alcohol use can contribute to smoking-related cancers; about 80-95% alcoholics smoke Social: passive smoking effects - Psychological:
Why & How to Quit Stages of Change –Most relapse after serious attempts to quit –The majority who do quit do so on their own, usually after repeated unsuccessful efforts; cessation programs can be effective Tobacco as a Gateway Drug
TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS MOTIVATION AND STAGES OF CHANGE Pre-Contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance
Advertising and Exporting Nicotine e.g. to Asia / China, Latin America… Billboards advertising cigarettes are now banned in Florida and elsewhere around the nation New, aggressive PSA campaigns
CDC “Tips from Former Smokers” ad campaign: paign/tips/resources/videos/ paign/tips/resources/videos/