The Rise of Mass Democracy Chapter 13

The Election of 1824  Last of the “old style” elections  “corrupt bargain” of 1824  All candidates said they were Republicans  No real parties  None of the four candidates won a majority and the election was thrown to the House

Election of 1824  No one won majority – sent to House  Henry Clay dropped out (least votes)  He was Speaker of the House and threw election to John Q. Adams  Adams named Clay Secretary of State  Election was called the “Corrupt Bargain”  Jacksonites very angry

John Quincy Adams  Adams was a nationalist at a time when the American people were turning from nationalism to states’ rights and sectionalism  Americans disapproved of Adams’ nationalism and federally funded programs  Adams received less than 1/3 of the vote but was elected President

Election of 1828  Campaign for Andrew Jackson in 1828 started the day Adams took office in 1824  Lasted the entire 4 year term of Adams  National Republicans – led by Adams  Democratic Republicans – led by Jackson  Mudslinging  Jackson won

Tariff of Abominations  Tariff protected industry but raised prices for all Americans  Middle states supported protective tariffs  Tariff passes in 1824 and is increased in 1828  Southerners were touchy about the tariff because they purchased a lot of manufactured goods and they were concerned about Federal interference in the institution of slavery.  John C. Calhoun issues the “South Carolina Exposition” called for nullification of the tariff

The Great Compromiser comes to the rescue!  Henry Clay proposed a bill that would gradually reduce the tariff by 10% until it reached the levels of 1816 over 8 years  Tariff of 1833 squeezed through Congress

Expansion under Jackson  Jackson and Democrats were committed to expansion  Native Americans in the way in Alabama and Georgia  Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles  1808 – Cherokee National Council  1828 – GA rules Council illegal

The Trail of Tears  Cherokees appeal to Supreme Court  Supreme Court rules in favor of Cherokees 3 times  Andrew Jackson refused to recognize court’s decision

Trail of Tears  1830 Indian Removal Act – 100,000 Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles were sent to Indian Territory  Moved to present day Oklahoma

Trail of Tears  1836 – Bureau of Indian Affairs created to manage relationship between federal government and US Indians  Some Seminoles ran into Everglades where descendants now live  Many Indians died because of the hardship of the journey to Oklahoma  Reservations created to “corral” Indians

Banking  National government minted gold and silver but not paper money  Jackson vetoed renewal of Bank of US  Election issue of 1832  Jackson wins reelection  Jackson killed bank by pulling all federal deposits from Bank of US

Whigs Emerge  The Whig Party emerges in the 1830s as an opposition party to Andrew Jackson  Against King Andrew I  Turned into potent national party  Led by Henry Clay  Defenders of “common man”

Election of 1836  Martin Van Buren  Hand picked by Jackson  Yes man  Beat Whig William Henry Harrison  Panic of 1837 – financial crisis inherited from Jackson  Took the blame

Texas  1821 – Mexico wins independence from Spain  1823 – huge land tract granted to Stephen F. Austin

TEXAS  Texans remained American  30,000 Texan – Americans by 1835  1833 – Austin imprisoned in MC for negotiating Texans rights  1836 – Texas declares Independence

Texan Independence  Mexico trapped and killed The Alamo  400 Goliad after they surrendered  April 21, 1836 – Gen. Sam Houston strategically retreated to San Jacinto  Defeated 1,300 Mexicans near present day Houston

Sam Houston  Commander of Texas forces  1 st president of Republic of Texas ( )  Favored Union with US  Texans wanted annexation in 1837 but denied because of slavery issue