A Brief Review of the Major Topics in 8 th Grade Social Studies

 Native American tribes in North and South America. Over 500 different “nations” in North America.

 Christopher Columbus made voyage in 1492  The “Encounter” refers to the time when Columbus began to interact with the Native Americans  The exchange of goods and ideas between the Old World and the New World became known as the “Columbian Exchange”

 European countries set up colonies to make money for “mother country”  Provided natural resources  Made goods and grew crops for mother country  Created market for goods made in mother country

 Roanoke failed  Sir Walter Raleigh tried to set it up  “disappeared” mysteriously  Jamestown, Virginia  First successful English colony (1607)  Set up by joint-stock company  Gov’t = House of Burgesses  Plymouth, Mass. (1620)  Pilgrims  wanted religious freedom  Government = Mayflower Compact

Religious freedom “New England Way” Long, cold winters  subsistence farming Fishing & maritime activities for money New England Pennsylvania for Quakers lots of natural resources and good climate “breadbasket” colonies Big cities grew Middle Fantastic soil and climate Plantations grew Slavery Southern

Self- government French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act Declaratory Act Townsend Acts Boston Massacre Tea Act Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Paul Revere  Lexington & Concord

 Break up letter to King and Parliament in Great Britain  Listed problems the colonies had with England  Declared freedom for the colonies Americans have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. We are forming a free and independent country! Natural rights? I think John Locke is onto something…

British gov’t wants more control Gives less self-government to the colonies New taxes “No taxation without representation”

 Colonists (Patriots) vs. British  Pro-British colonists called Loyalists  Major Battles  Battle of Saratoga  Turning Point  Battle of Yorktown  Last Battle  Americans won…yay!!!!

 Washington  No political parties  Try to avoid becoming too involved with other countries  Adams  Federalist party  Alien & Sedition Acts

 Industrial Revolution – factories and machines replaced hand tools  Most early factories built near rivers in New England  Needed power and people willing to work  Early factories focused on textiles  Slater Mill (Rhode Island)  Lowell mills (Massachusetts)  Women and children hired

Invention (Inventor) PurposeSignificance Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) Made cleaning cotton quicker 1.Southern farmers focused on growing more cotton 2.Need for slaves grew Steamboat (Robert Fulton) A boat that ran on steam power and could move against the current Improved transportation and trade Telegraph (Samuel Morse) Sent messages via code Improved long- distance communication New farming technologyIncreased farm production These inventions linked the different regions of the U.S. economically but also caused their differences to grow

 With the increased demand for cotton, more slaves were needed  Plantation owners had all the power in the South

 Sectionalism is loyalty to the interests of your own region, rather than to the nation as a whole Economic changes Differences between the North & South

 Manifest Destiny – the idea that the U.S. had the right to control everything from the Atlantic to the Pacific

 Lewis & Clark explored the Louisiana Territory  Texas  Gold discovered in California in 1849

 Texas used to be part of Mexico  Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836  Remember the Alamo!  Texans not successful  Mexican-American War ( )  Texas became part of the US and Mexico gave land to the US (present-day Southwest US and California)

As we expanded West, we needed to decide what to do about slavery…

* Kept the balance of power in the Senate between the slave states and the free states

 Missouri Compromise  Compromise of 1850  Fugitive Slave Act  Kansas-Nebraska Act  “Bleeding Kansas”  Harpers Ferry  Election of 1860  Southern States Secede

The South decided to secede (withdraw) from the Union (United States). They tried to form a country called the Confederacy. This is what caused the Civil War! The North did not think the Southern states had the right to secede…they were willing to fight to keep the South in the Union.

1861: The Civil War began – Union vs. Confederacy 1863: Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves The Union won Amendments #13-15 passed after the Civil War