POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 2 PART A 7 Introduction to the Endocrine System

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings About this Chapter  Function and purpose of hormones  Classification, structure, and synthesis of hormones  Pathways of nervous to endocrine regulation  Effects of hormone interactions  Pathologies of the endocrine system  Hormone evolution

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Summary: Hormones Figure 7-2 (1 of 4)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-2 (2 of 4) Anatomy Summary: Hormones

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Summary: Hormones Figure 7-2 (3 of 4)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-2 (4 of 4) Animation: Endocrine System: Endocrine System Review PLAY Anatomy Summary: Hormones

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Regulating Systems  Hormones: cell to cell communication molecules  Made in gland(s) or cells  Transported by blood  Distant target tissue receptors  Activates physiological response  Pheromones: organism to organism communication

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones: Function  Control of  Rates of enzymatic reactions  Transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes  Gene expression and protein synthesis  Exert effects at very low concentrations  Bind to target cell receptors  Half-life indicates length of activity

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animation: Endocrine System: Biochemistry, Secretion, and Transport of Hormones PLAY Hormones: Classification  Peptide or protein hormones  Steroid hormones  Amine hormones

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones: Peptides or Proteins  Preprohormone  Large, inactive  Prohormone  Post-translational modification  Peptide hormone-receptor complex  Signal transduction system

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release Figure To target Active hormone Golgi complex Secretory vesicle ECFCytoplasmPlasma Peptide fragment Release signal Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. The secretory vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. The hormone moves into the circulation for transport to its target. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport vesicle Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release Figure 7-3, step 1 ECFCytoplasmPlasma Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. mRNA Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone 1 1

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release Figure 7-3, steps 1–2 ECFCytoplasmPlasma Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release Figure 7-3, steps 1–3 Golgi complex ECFCytoplasmPlasma Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport vesicle Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release Figure 7-3, steps 1–4 4 Active hormone Golgi complex Secretory vesicle ECFCytoplasmPlasma Peptide fragment Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport vesicle Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release Figure 7-3, steps 1–5 4 5 Active hormone Golgi complex Secretory vesicle ECFCytoplasmPlasma Peptide fragment Release signal Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. The secretory vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport vesicle Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release Figure 7-3, steps 1–6 4 5 To target Active hormone Golgi complex Secretory vesicle ECFCytoplasmPlasma Peptide fragment Release signal Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. The secretory vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. The hormone moves into the circulation for transport to its target. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport vesicle Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex  Surface receptor  Hormone binds  Enzyme activation  Open channels  Second messenger systems  Cellular response

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex Membrane receptors and signal transduction for peptide hormones Figure 7-5

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Features  Cholesterol-derived  Lipophilic and can enter target cell  Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly)  Activate DNA for protein synthesis  Slower acting, longer half-life  Examples  Cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Structure Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol Figure 7-6

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Action Figure 7-7 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear receptor DNA Translation Rapid responses Transcription produces mRNA Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier New proteins Cell surface receptor a

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Action Figure 7-7, step 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Nucleus Blood vessel Protein carrier 1 1

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Action Figure 7-7, steps 1–2 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Nucleus Nuclear receptor Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Action Figure 7-7, steps 1–2a Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Nucleus Nuclear receptor Rapid responses Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier Cell surface receptor 2 1 2a 1 2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Action Figure 7-7, steps 1–3 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Nucleus Nuclear receptor DNA Rapid responses Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier Cell surface receptor a 1 2 3

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Action Figure 7-7, steps 1–4 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Nucleus Nuclear receptor DNA Rapid responses Transcription produces mRNA Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier Cell surface receptor a

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Action Figure 7-7, steps 1–5 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear receptor DNA Translation Rapid responses Transcription produces mRNA Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier New proteins Cell surface receptor a

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amine Hormones: Features  Derived from one of two amino acids  Tryptophan  Tyrosine  Ring structure

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amine Hormones: Examples  Thyroid hormones  Catecholamines  Epinephrine  Norepinephrine  Dopamine

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amine Hormones: Structure Tyrosine-derived amine hormones Figure 7-8

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animation: Endocrine System: The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells PLAY Endocrine Reflex Pathways  Stimulus  Afferent signal  Integration  Efferent signal (the hormone)  Physiological action  Negative feedback

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Reflex Pathways Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release Figure 7-9