In- and exclusion, appropriation and ethnicity in a multilingual and multicultural neighborhood in Utrecht Jacomine Nortier Utrecht Institute of Linguistics The Netherlands

Outline: demographic facts description of TCULT ( ) question: how can we describe cultural and linguistic processes and mechanisms of change? in- and exclusion appropriation ethnicity (Fishman) conclusion: preference for a combination of appropriation and ethnicity

The Netherlands -Utrecht

Facts: North-South: 300 km East-West: 150 km 16 million inhabitants Capital: Amsterdam, almost 1 million (Rotterdam: 600,000; Den Haag 400,000; Utrecht: 275,000)

16 million inhabitants: 1,7 mln non-Western 320,000 Moroccan (= 2%) 365,000 Turkish (= 2.28%) 330,000 Surinamese (=2.06%) 130,000 Antillean 392,000 Indonesian Utrecht: 24,000 Moroccan (= 8.7%) 12,500 Turkish (= 4.5%) 9,500 Surinamese (= 3.45%)

Unequal distribution: In the major cities, more than 50% of school population is non-native Dutch

TCULT T alen en (languages and-) C ulturen in het (cultures in the-) U trechtse(Utrecht neighbourhoods) L ombok en (Lombok and-) T ransvaal (Transvaal) 15 Deep studies on the mixing of languages and cultures in a multiethnic neighbourhood key words: multiculturality, multiethnicity en multilingualism

Topics: Storytelling Songs Jokes Religious traditions and rituals Ornaments Names Attitudes Written language use Social networks / SLA Language choice Youth languages and ethnic varieties Calques Language maintenance

How to integrate language and culture? Final chapter by Pieter Muysken: superficial (outside) versus deep (inside). Or: easy to borrow/change versus hard to borrow/change hierarchy: for both language and culture

CultureLanguage Eating out Drinking Clothing Sports Attitude towards school Music Animal pets Stories Economic behavior Body movements/gestures Family relations Ethical/religious values Specific words from public domain Specific words from private domain General content words Discourse markers Intonation Idiomatic expressions Names Function words Word order Semantic patterns Syntactic constructions

In- and exclusion: 6 relevant possible directions 1. inclusion of min group (or members of the group) into maj group (“action” from the side of the majority group) 2. inclusion of maj group (or members of the group) into min group(s) (active behaviour from min group) 3. inclusion of one min group (or members of the group) into another min group 4. exclusion of the min group (or members of the group) from the maj group 5. exclusion of maj group (or members of the group) from the min group 6. exclusion of one min group (or members of the group) from another min group

Appropriation Three possibilities: appropriation of majority elements into minority language/culture appropration of minority elements into majority language/culture appropriation of elements from one minority group into another minority group.

The aim of appropriation: to gain material, institutional and immaterial capital. (Bourdieu)

Ethnicity: Joshua Fishman (1977): Paternity (“blood”) Patrimony (“culture”) Phenomenology (“evaluation”)