A View of Egypt by Satellite

The Nile Longest in world South to North Delta  Mediterranean Seasonal flooding Fertile valley  agriculture by 5000 BCE Sahara  west; Red Sea  east

The Fertile Nile Valley Floods every fall from rains in Central Africa Prosperity /food surplus Unifying factor Transportation / communication Orderly and cyclical view of universe (unlike Mesopotamia) Natural barriers Nile and deserts Few foreign incursions unlike Mesopotamia

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c B. C. E. ?

Egyptian Social Hierarchy Bureaucracy

God-Kings 30 yr renewal ritual Absolute power therefore no need for written code like Hammurabi’s Return to death Built temples to ensure cont’d goodwill of gods Provide priests for upkeep Balance, order (goes back to Nile) Upright souls believed their spirits would live eternally)

Egyptian Nobility

Egyptian Priestly Class

Egyptian Scribe

Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Wigs Mirror

Daily Life Married young; arranged by parents Monogamous Additional wives if first is barren Divorces occurred; women compensated Husband: head of house Wife: well respected; educated children Women's’ rights” Controlled own property and inheritance Operate businesses, few involved in politics Priestesses, 4 became pharaohs

Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

Egyptian Math & Draftsmanship ,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” phonetic symbols

Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut

Creation Myths Sun god Ra (Ra-Atum) Waters of chaos Created gods of wetness and dryness (Tefnut/Shu)  male Geb (earth)  female Nut (sky)  2 sons (Osiris/Seth) 2 females (Isis/Nephthys) Isis/Osiris  king of Egypt Seth kills Osiris takes throne I/N patch Osiris up (Anubis) conceives son (Horus) Horus def. Seth & becomes king of earth Osiris  king of underworld Humans from tears of Ra’s eye v=tcxgzMwcqN8&safety_mode=t rue&persist_safety_mode=1

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

Iconography Hathor (cow/love- fertitlty) Thoth (ibis/writing- sci-law) Maat (feather/truth- order-justice) Anubis (jackal/embalm- cemetery) Bastet (cat/daughter of Ra)

Conventions Customary way to represent people and world Accepted by both artist and patrons Images based on memory Characteristic viewpoints Formulas & proportions

Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

The Mummification Process The Mummification Process 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian Mummies Egyptian Mummies Seti I B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E.

Funerary Architecture Ka (life spirit lives after death) Sculpted likenesses work! Comfy home for departed king’s ka so he continues to ensure well-being if Egypt Safety in moving from one world to next  (preservation)

Mastaba (flat topped one story bldgs / slanted walls above burial chamber) Serdab: small sealed room for ka statue & chapel for mourning vertical shaft to burial chamber w/sarcophagus Necropolis: city of dead on edge of desert Saqqara and Giza

Djoser & Saqqara

3 rd Dynasty Djoser Imhotep 1 st architect Mastaba  step pyramid (like ziggurat) Intentions: Stairway to Ra Protecting tomb Adjacent funerary temple for rituals

Old Kingdom c.2575 – 2150 BCE Giza (3) 4 th dynasty Khufu ( ) 13acres, 481’, Khafre ( ) Menkaure ( ) Site follows east- west Causeway to valley temple

4 th dynasty, c , anorthosite gneiss (from Nubia, changes color), 5’6 1/8” tall Horus Lions-throne’s legs, lotus(upper, papyrus (lower), short pleated kilt, linen headress w/cobra (Ra), false beard (royalty),

Menkaure and a Queen (Khamerernebty?) 4 th dynasty ( ) Queen’s symbolic embrace King: athletic, young, nude to waist, kilt, headcloth, Balanced pose (one foot forward) Queen smaller steps

Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Hatshepsut 1 st female ruler(r ) Daughter of Queen Ahmose and the god Amun (really Thutmose I) Married half brother who became Thutmose II Became regent for his son w/concubine Claimed throne herself… declared king by priests of Amun Wore many male trappings Known for trade expeditions to “Land of Punt” Died of bone cancer Mummy found and identified by missing tooth

Deir el-Bahri Funerary temple (created by her lover) Not intended for tomb, was supposed to go to Valley Characteristics Raised causeway w/sphinxes from Nile Shrines to Anubis/Hathor Open garden spaces (myrrh trees) pools Hypostyle halls

Akhenaten Amenhotep IV (r ) New religion to honor single supreme sun god Aten (disk) (polytheistic) Moved capital from Thebes to Amarna Son of Aten Presided over worship as divine priest Altars in courtyards to receive sun Portrayed in informal situations

Akhenaten 16’ In front of Karnak Soft, swelling Boneless Androgenous Elongated features Flail (protection) Shepherd's crook (absolute sovereignty)

Akhenaten and His Family painted limestone relief (sunken) Tell el-Amarna

Nefertiti Painted limestone 20” (Tell el-Armana)

The Valley of the Kings

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask B. C. E.

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

King Tutankhamon

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Ramses II c Nefertari (main wife) Aggressive expansion Treaties w/ Hittites Married Hittite princess Many wives, 90+ kids Monuments at Karnak, Luxor, Abu Simbel Abu-Simbel 2 lrg temples (not funerary mnmts) Actually buried in Valley Many paintings (Nef’s temp) Outline and rich color More hues to depict dimensionality Darker skin tones Focus on eyes and lips Hieroglyphs to design

Abu Simbel 65’ Family and Nefertari RA

Luxor

The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut B. C. E.

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? B. C. E.

The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

Queen Nefertiti