沈阳师范大学 主讲人：张 辉 欧洲历史与文明 第四章 西欧势力的增长

Chapter 4 The Growing Power of Western Europe ( ) 4.2 Britain: The Civil War The Triumph of Parliament

4.2.1 Civil War The victory of the Parliamentarian New Model Army over the Royalist Army at the Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645 marked the decisive turning point in the English Civil War. Charles I's decapitation

4.2.1 Civil War Charles I Session of the Long Parliament Oliver Cromwell

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its government. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

The overall outcome of the war was threefold : the trial and execution of Charles I; the exile of his son, Charles II; and the replacement of English monarchy with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53) and then the Protectorate (1653–59) under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although this concept was legally established only as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

4.2.2 The Triumph of Parliament The Restoration was both a series of events in April–May 1660 and the period that followed it in British history. In 1660 the monarchy was restored the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland in the person of Charles II. The period that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms was officially declared an Interregnum. King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration.

Also called the Glorious Revolution, was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England. The Revolution of 1688

. An Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the Crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the Monarch without fear of retribution. The Bill of Rights

Chronology of Notable Events 1640 ， convoking the English Parliament ( the Long Parliament) 1642 ， breaking out of Civil War in England 1649 ， Execution of Charles II, and Commonwealth 1653 ， Cromwell “Lord Protector” 1660 ， the Restoration 1688 ， the Glorious Revolution 1689 ， Bill of Right