3.1 Quadratic Functions and Models

Quadratic Functions A quadratic function is of the form f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are real numbers, a ≠ 0.  The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.  The domain of a quadratic function is all real numbers.  These functions have a linear rate of change.

Vertex  The maximum or minimum point of a parabola Axis of symmetry  The vertical line passing through the vertex Leading coefficient  In a quadratic function is this “a” (the coefficient of x 2 ).  When positive the graph opens up.  When negative the graph opens down.  Larger values of |a| result in a narrower parabola, smaller values of |a| result in a wider parabola.

Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function Vertex Form  The parabolic graph of f(x) = a(x – h) 2 + k has vertex (h,k). Graph opens up when a > 0, down when a < 0.

Examples Page 184 Identify f as being linear, quadratic, or neither. If it is quadratic, identify the leading coefficient and evaluate f(-2).  #2 f(x) = 1 – 2x + 3x 2  #4 f(x) = (x 2 + 1) 2  #6 f(x) = 1/5 x 2 Page 185 Identify the vertex and the leading coefficient. Then write the equation as f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c  #18 f(x) = 5(x + 2) 2 – 5  #20 f(x) = ½(x + 3) 2 – 5

Finding the vertex Vertex Formula  The vertex for the graph of f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c with a ≠ 0 is the point

Examples Page 185 Use the vertex formula to determine the vertex of the graph of f.  #26 f(x) = 2x 2 – 2x + 1  #30 f(x) = -3x 2 + x – 2

Completing the Square y = x 2 + 6x – 8

Examples Page 185 Write the given equation in the form f(x) = (x – h) 2 + k.  #40 f(x) = x x + 7  #50 f(x) = 6 + 5x – 10x 2

Quadratic Regression on the Calculator Enter data into List 1 and List 2  Choose Stat  Calc  5: quadreg  enter To have the data go directly into y =  Before you press the second enter  Choose vars  y-vars  function  y1

Examples Page 187 #98 a) Make a scatterplot of the data. b) Find the values for a, h and k. Graph f(x) together with the data in the same viewing rectangle. c) Approximate the undetermined value(s) in the table. U.S. population in millions Year Population ?50 Year Population ?

Problem Solving Page 186 #82  Match the physical situation with the graph of the quadratic function that models it best.

Example Page 187 #102  The cables that support a suspension bridge, such as the Golden Gate Bridge, can be modeled by parabolas.  Suppose that a 300-foot long suspension bridge has towers at its ends that are 120 feet tall, as illustrated in the accompanying figure.  If the cable comes within 20 feet of the road in the center of the bridge, find the quadratic function that models the height of the cable above the road a distance of x feet from the center of the bridge. 120 ft 300 ft 20 ft

3.2 Quadratic Equations and Problem Solving

Examples Page 201  #2  #10

Quadratic formula The solutions to the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0, are given by x =

 #16  #18

The Discriminant The discriminant is used to determine the number of real solutions to ax 2 + bx + c =0.  If b 2 – 4ac > 0, there are two real solutions.  If b 2 – 4ac = 0, there is one real solution.  If b 2 – 4ac < 0, there are no real solutions.

Examples Page 202 a. Write the equation in standard form b. Calculate the discriminant and determine the number of real solutions c. Solve the equation.  #46  #58  #60

Solve graphically Page 202 #42

Problem Solving Page 203 #100  From 1984 to 1994 the cumulative number of AIDS cases can be modeled by the equation Where x represents years after Estimate the year when 200,000 AIDS cases had been diagnosed.

Page 204 #108  A rectangular pen for a pet is under construction using 100 feet of fence. a. Determine the dimension that result in an area of 576 square feet. b. Find the dimensions that give the maximum area.

3.3 Quadratic Inequalities

Solving Quadratic Inequalities Write in Standard Form Solve Use the boundary numbers to test points Use the table or graph to write your solution

Examples Page 213 Solve each equation and inequality. Write the solution set for each inequality in interval notation.  #12 a. b. c.  #14 a. b. c.

#16 a. b. c. #18 a. b. c. #22 a. b. c.

3.4 Transformations of Graphs

Shifting and Stretching Graph  y1 = x 2  y2 = x  y3 = x 2 – 3 What pattern do you see?

Vertical Shifts  g(x) = f(x) + a, shift graph up a units  g(x) = f(x) – a, shift graph down a units

Graph  y1 = x 2  y2 = (x + 3) 2  y3 = (x – 3) 2 What pattern do you see?

Horizontal Shifts  g(x) = f(x + a), shift graph left a units  g(x) = f(x – a), shift graph right a units

Graph  y1 = x 2  y2 = 3x 2  y3 = 6x 2

Stretching Vertical and Horizontal stretches:  For a >0, the graph g(x) = af(x) stretches the graph vertically by a factor of a.  For a >1, the graph g(x) = f(ax) compresses the graph horizontally by a factor of a.  h(x) = f(x/a) compresses the graph horizontally by a factor of a.

Graph  y1 = x 2  y2 = -x 2

Negative Coefficients When you multiply by a negative it reflects (flips) the graph over the x-axis.

Predict what will happen  y = -x  y = -2(x + 5)  f(x) = x 2, af(x + b) + c

Examples Page 229 Use the accompanying graph of y = f(x) to sketch a graph of each equation.  #12 a. y = f(x + 1) b. y = -f(x) c. Y = 2f(x)  #14 a. y = f(x – 1) - 2 b. y = -f(x) + 1 c. y = f(1/2x)

Other Parent Graphs y = x y = |x| y = x 3 y = √x

Examples Page 230 Use transformations for graphs to sketch a graph of f.  #50  #52  #68