Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Classical Period: Directions, Diversities, and Declines by 500 C.E. 5

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Classical Period: Directions, Diversities, and Declines I.Expansion and Integration: How Classical Civilizations influenced areas outside their territory II.Beyond the Classical Civilizations: Cultures beyond the Periphery III.Decline in China and India IV.Decline and Fall in Rome V.The New Religious Map: The Dawn of World Religions

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert In this chapter… We will identify patterns of decline within the classical regions we have studies and corresponding rise of world religions We will acknowledge developments on the periphery of these core regions and their gradual integration into larger global networks We will trace the developments of cultures in lands outside the reach of classical influence (The New World and Pacific)

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Trade Routes at the End of the Classical Era

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Chronology

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Some Big Picture Ideas to Consider The scope of World History demands that we identify global sweeps of history –In the classical period of world history, we identify four “Classical Cores” and acknowledge areas that operate on the periphery and outside the cores –The classical cores more or less shared a common identification of the known world The areas outside the classical core would integrate and contribute to global patterns in the years following the decline of classical cultures

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Expansion and the Expanding Degree of Social Integration Classical Empires absorbed large and diverse territories –How did these civilizations create a sense of common identity among those living in their territory? –The power of the identity determined the resiliency of the common identity when political order (territorial integration) declined Chinese identity proved most durable- Present China- a civilization state Roman identity most fragile- fragmented or replaced

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns of Territorial disintegration in the Classical Period Political orders change rather than fall Classical civilizations declined beginning by 100 CE –External forces  Regional (neighboring pastoralists)  “Global” pandemics that target population centers –Internal forces  Internal stress between forces of continuity and change Government conserving wealth and privilege challenge Complacency and indulgence among ruling class resist change and innovation

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Decline in China and India The End of the Gupta Empire –Invasions from 500 C.E.  Probably Huns  Gupta Empire destroyed by 400 C.E.  Invaders integrated into warrior class –Rajputs emerge from these groups  Small states, emphasis on military virtues –Hinduism gains ground from Buddhism –Islam introduced from 600’s

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Decline in China and India Collapse of Classical Civilizations –All or in part –All suffer from expansion in Central Asia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Decline in China and India Han Collapse –Decline by 100 C.E.  Intellectual creativity slows  Local landlords gain in power  Rising social tensions –Yellow Turbans, 184 C.E.  Daoist revolutionaries

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Decline in China and India Invasions –Three centuries of disruption –Buddhism introduced –Ended by Sui Dynasty –Tang Dynasty, 618 C.E. –Chinese culture resumes

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Decline and Regeneration:Persia The Middle East –Parthian rule  Emerges in late Hellenistic period  As far as India –Sassanid Empire  Persian uprising replaces Parthians  Revival of Persian traditions, including Zoroastrianism –Both empires connect east and west  Fall of Rome has little impact on this region  Rivalry with Byzantines

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Christianity: An Emerging Identity in the West The Christian faith emerged from a distant and troubled part of the Roman Empire Jesus given the Roman death penalty as a political threat –Followers claim that he was a Messiah (Christ) Rome’s political order a double-edged sword for new faith –Able to move through empire –Met with persecution- underground religion unpatriotic Primary source: Acts of the Apostles (Paul in Athens and Corinth

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert What Aspects of Christianity Supported Its Success as a World Religion? Missionary spirit Resilience in the face of persecution Focus on redemption Incorporation of Greek rationalism Equality of souls Syncretistic adaptability –Adapts to local cultures  Early example- abandonment of kosher laws  Saints as old gods

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Growing Faith Faith proved resilient to persecution As civil order declined following Pax Romana, the faith grew –Provided spiritual comfort to growing number of poor Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity- later made official Christian church in west adopted governing structure of Empire Christian identity replaces Rome as primary identity

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Decline of Rome: A Case Study Internal Causes: The Empire sowed the seeds of its own decline –Problems with succession- bad leaders and civil conflict –Increasing concentrations of wealth  Slave and cheap labor concentrate wealth and hinder innovation  Local self sufficient farms evolve into feudal estates –Over-expansion with large borders –Lack of meaningful social integration beyond law and language

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Rome’s Political Disintegration By the third c. CE, Emperors split Empire to make it easier to manage –Western part more open to invasions- poorer  Geography favored the east  Empire depends on mercenaries to defend borders Primary source: Deed of the Goths p 190  Germanic pastoralists replace Rome’s political order in the west by 5 th century CE  Maintain Latin elements of culture  Declining culture and a “Dark Age”  Roman Christianity replaces Roman civic identity to varying degrees –The Bishop of Rome- Pope- as emperor of the west

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Byzantine “Cutting” –Eastern part better able to resist invasions  Maintains Roman Empire with Greek cultural veneer- Byzantine Empire- to 1453 CE  A Christian empire  Blocks the expansion of Islam into Eastern Eruope and Asia minor for a milenium –Constantinople one of the wealthiest and largest cities of the world “The Second Rome” –Preserves Hellenistic and Roman heritage

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Division of the Empire

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Collapse of Rome in the West The European Cultures that emerged following the decline of Rome were a fusion of Roman, Christian and Germanic cultures i.e. Roman culture did not disappear in Iberia, it became Spanish and Portuguese Western civilization idealized its Roman past its collapse

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Beyond the Classical Civilizations Sub-Saharan Africa –Legacy of Egyptian, Kushite civilization unclear –Extension of agriculture  First along Sahel  Followed by establishment of west African kingdoms –Ghana  First great sub-Saharan state

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Beyond the Classical Civilizations Japan –Agriculture widespread by 200 C.E. –Migrations from Korea, done by 200 –Tribal organization  Worship of common ancestor  Developed into states –Shintoism  Worship of rulers  Unified by 700 C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Beyond the Classical Civilizations Northern Europe –Germanic, Celtic, Slavic peoples –Regional, often transitory kingdoms –Scandinavians emerging as seafarers –Religion  Gods associated with natural forces  Spread of Christianity –Secondary influence of Roman culture

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Beyond the Classical Civilizations Central America –Olmec Civilization, from c B.C.E.  Sophisticated art  Disappeared c. 400 B.C.E.  Followed by Teotihuacan –Maya, from 400 C.E. –Inca, later- south America –These similar to other river valley civilizations –Little interaction between these cultures

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilizations of Central and South America

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Beyond the Classical Civilizations Polynesia –Isolated development –Reached Fiji, Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. –To Hawaii by 400 C.E. –Last inhabitable areas to be populated

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Decline and Fall in Rome Western Europe –Greatest disruption  Civilization itself shattered  Cities shrink –Christianity provides structure –Yet, “fall” of Rome not noted at the time

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Mediterranean, Middle East, Europe, and North Africa, c. 500 C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The New Religious Map Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism –Buddhism altered as it spreads  Doctrine of bodhisattvas develops  Shift from focus on ethics to focus on salvation –Fall of Han opens China to Buddhism  Mahayana Buddhism – Buddha as a savior  Transformed, especially in women’s role  Buddhism opposed by many –Daoism  Becomes more popular among peasants

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The New Religious Map Christianity –Moves westward –Structured –Exclusive – idea of one truth –Jesus of Nazareth  Message of salvation  Disciples spread message

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert World Religions Today

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The New Religious Map The Spread of the Major Religions –A feature of the end of the classical world –Develop under similar circumstances –Animism retreats

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The New Religious Map The World Around 500 C.E. –Three major themes  Response to the end of classical forms  Reactions to new religious map  Some areas lay groundwork for later developments Improved farming techniques in some areas Rise of civilizations in some regions

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: The Late Classical Period and the World Global Connections –Classical civilizations had been mostly isolated –Now contacts spread –At the same time, trade more challenging  As strong governments collapse, dangers multiply