Blood SBI 3U 11.2

What is in blood h?v=R-sKZWqsUpwhttps:// h?v=R-sKZWqsUpw Blood is a connective tissue Components of blood: –Cellular component: red blood cell, white blood cell and platelets –Intercellular matrix: yellow- coloured liquid called plasma

Function of Blood Transport oxygen - oxyhemoglobin Transport nutrients: - glucose, amino acids, Transport wastes – CO 2, urea, water Transport hormones – adrenalin, sex hormones etc. Transport heat – Clotting during injury Provide immune response: - white blood cells

Plasma

Cells

Whole Blood consists of… % Plasma – a straw coloured liquid that contains - nutrients - antibodies - clotting factors - hormones % Blood Cells - RBC (Erythrocytes) - WBC (Leucocytes) - Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Red Blood cells … Made in the Bone Marrow and Destroyed in the Spleen. Live for about 120 days Are flexible to squeeze through blood capillaries. Contain Hemoglobin Are Bi-concave discs Have no nucleus

Red Blood cells are BICONCAVE discs.

How do Red blood Cells carry Oxygen? Hemoglobin + Oxygen = Oxyhemoglobin dark purple/red bright red Oxyhemoglobin is unstable and readily dissociates back into hemoglobin and free oxygen.

Red blood cell diseases Anaemia – too few red blood cells maybe because of low Iron. Normal Low Iron

Sickle Cell disease – RBC are not round but sickle shaped, (genetic mutation for assisting in Malaria prevention) results in blood cells being destroyed prematurely. Malaria Parasite – Plasmodium inside a RBC eYwdU

Liver or Kidney disease causes RBC to be damaged or destroyed Your normal RED BLOOD CELL COUNT or Hb is between 12 and 14, (some hospitals measure this as 120 to 140, both are correct, just different units used).

White Blood Cells…. are made in the bone marrow are responsible for “fighting” disease. are various types contain a nucleus Together they make up the total white blood count - normally 4 to 10. (Which is actually 4,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per cubic millimetre of blood!!!)

Neutrophil Monocyte Lymphocyte Eosinophil Basophil

Normal blood smear (right), compared to Infection (left)

Platelets… are made in the bone marrow Concerned with blood clotting. Contain an enzyme that is released when the platelets are damaged. This enzyme triggers clotting Circulate in the blood for about 10 days then die. Your normal PLATELET COUNT is between 150 and 400 (Which is actually 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimetre of blood!!!)

Blood Groups “In 1901 Karl Landsteiner demonstrated the existence of blood group antigens on human red blood cells as well as antibodies directed against those antigens in human sera.” ( 1jVACk8 1jVACk8

Genotype Blood group phenotype Antigens on erythrocytes Serum antibodies AA or AOAAAnti-B BB or BOBBAnti-A AB A and BNone OOONoneAnti-A and Anti-B

Rh Factor Another key substance in the blood is the Rh or Rhesus factor (named after the monkeys in which it was located) People either have the factor and are then Rh + (positive) or you don’t have the factor - Rh - (negative) Rh is a dominant trait.

According to the blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of following 8 blood groups: A Rh+B Rh+AB Rh+0 Rh+ A Rh-B Rh-AB Rh-0 Rh- This means that there are 8 possible ABO Blood groups.

Blood typeDonor type RH positive A+ B+ AB+ O+ Take both positive & negative A+, A-, O+, O- B+, B-, O+, O- A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O- O+, O- RH negative A- B- AB- O- Only negative A-, O- B-, O- A-, B-, AB-, O- O-

Rh. Problems in Pregnancy. Rh + Man and Rh - Woman Because Rh is a dominant allele there is a 50:50 chance the man will have the Genotype Rr or RR If he is RR then his children will inherit the dominant allele and be Rh + this will cause the woman to develop antibodies to her unborn babies blood and try to destroy it.