34-1 Living things do not live in vacuums, their daily lives are based on _______________ with both living and nonliving things. What is an ecosystem? Groups of organisms and their ____________ ________________________ What is the Biosphere? All _____________________are connected in a biosphere Ecology Review

34-2 Organism  living thing Population  groups of ____________ Community  group of _____________ Ecosystem  group of _____________ Biome  Group of ________________ Biosphere  Group of _____________ Ecology Terms

34-3 There are two main components of an ecosystem: ________ (living)& ________(nonliving) Populations of Inorganic nutrients, organisms. physical features, water, temperature, and wind.

34-4 Biotic Components: A Closer Look ______________ are producers that produce food for themselves and for consumers. How do autotrophs make food? _____________ and chemosynthesis ____________ are consumers that take in premade food.

34-5 Biotic components

34-6 Consumers Vocabulary: Herbivores – animals that eat __________ Carnivores – animals that eat ___________ Omnivores – animals that eat ________ and ______________ Decomposers - bacteria and fungi, that ________________dead organic waste. Detritus - partially ______________organic matter in the soil and water; beetles, earthworms, and termites are detritus _____________.

34-7 Consumers

34-8 Consumer Levels Primary consumer – an organism that gets its energy from ______ (producers) Secondary consumer – an organism that gets its energy from ________________ Tertiary consumer – carnivores that eat other carnivores; a _________consumer, usually the top predator in the food chain

34-9 Biotic Interactions Organisms occupy a specific role, or ________, in an environment Competition  fig_____________________or species for food/habitat/mate Predation  action where a hunter _________________ Symbiosis  situation where 2 organisms interact with each other and ________________from this interaction

34-10 Energy Flow What is energy flow? The _________________through the organisms in an ecosystem What direction does energy flow through an ecosystem? Sun  Producers  Various levels of __________________

34-11 As energy flows from autotrophs (producers) to heterotrophs (consumers) much of the energy is lost before the consumer can use it. In what forms is energy lost? ___________________ Initial energy from an ecosystem comes from a consistent supply of solar energy **Remember energy in an ecosystem may be transferred or converted but will not be __________________________**

34-12 Energy balances

34-13 Nature of an ecosystem

34-14 Food chains vs. food webs What is a food chain? A diagram that links organisms together by who eats whom Starts with ________________________________. Most food chains have no more than ____________ Arrows show the direction energy is flowing EXAMPLE: tree  giraffe  lion

34-15 Food chain

34-16 Most consumers feed on and are eaten by more than one other consumer What is a food web? A combination of several food chains showing all of the ____________________________ What is a trophic level? All of the organisms that feed at a _______________________of the food chain/web

34-17 Grazing food web – The upper portion of a food web based on a ______________________________ Detrital food web – The lower portion of a food web based on __________________

34-18 Forest food webs

34-19 Ecological Pyramids Why are food chains so short? Only about __________of energy is useable from one trophic level to the next The number organisms drastically decreases as you go up in level of a food chain What is an ecological pyramid? A series of _________ representing the biomass of particular organisms on a particular trophic level What is biomass? The amount of ___________________in the population of an organism

34-20 Ecological pyramid

34-21 What are biochemical cycles? The path by which important nutrients/molecules travel through an ecosystem. 3 Important Cycles: Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Biochemical cycles

34-22 The Water Cycle Water movement: Land  Atmosphere: _________________ _________________from rivers, lakes and oceans ______________________ from plants Atmosphere  Land _____________________ ________________ over land and bodies of water Runoff forms bodies of water (lakes, rivers, oceans) Ground water seepage into aquifers

34-23 The water cycle

34-24 The Carbon Cycle Carbon Movement: Land/Water  Atmosphere _________________ Atmosphere  Land/Water ___________________ ________________ ** Carbon is stored as _fossil fuels__ from decaying organisms.**

34-25 The carbon cycle

34-26 The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Movement: Nitrogen Fixation  ___________ found in legume roots converts ______________________ Decomposers break down waste and organic remains into __________________ Nitrification  bacteria convert ____________into Nitrite (NO 2 ) and Nitrate (NO 3 ) to be used by plants Denitrification  Bacteria converts ammonia back into _________________________

34-27 The nitrogen cycle

34-28 The Phosphorus Cycle The phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle. Only __________________are made available to plants by the weathering of sedimentary rocks; phosphorus is a limiting inorganic nutrient. The biotic community recycles phosphorus back to the ______________, temporarily incorporating it into ATP, nucleotides, teeth, bone and shells, and then returning it to the ecosystem via __________________.

34-29 The phosphorus cycle

Changes to Ecosystems Air Pollution  Burning of _________releases CO 2, SO 2, and NO 2,NO 3 into atmosphere. Results in climate change, acid rain, damage to ozone layer 34-30

Habitat Destruction Over past 50 years, __________of tropical forests have been cleared for timber or farmland (deforestation) Loss of habitat often means ___________for organisms within that habitat 34-31

Invasive Species Introduction of species to new habitats, usually by humans 34-32