Psychology & Performance Enhancing Substances

Psychology

The Ideal Performance State  Absence of fear—no fear of failure  No thinking about or analysis of performance  Narrow focus of attention concentrated on the activity itself  Sense of effortlessness—an involuntary experience  Sense of personal control  Distortion of time and space

Relationship Between Confidence and Athletic Performance

Why Goal Setting Affects Performance  Goals direct athlete’s attention by prioritizing efforts.  Goals increase effort because of the contingency of success on goal attainment.  Goals increase positive reinforcement through feedback given to athletes.

Performance Enhancing Substances

Types of Performance-Enhancing Substances  Naturally occurring hormones and the drugs that mimic their effects  Dietary supplements

Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements  A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet. The product contains one or more of the following: vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; dietary substance for use by humans; or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of these ingredients.  The product must also be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a food.

Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes: Orally Active Steroids Generic name or categoryExample trade names MethandrostenoloneDianabol OxandroloneAnavar StanozololWinstrol OxymetholoneAnadrol FluoxymesteroneHalotestin MethyltestosteroneOreton-M MesteroloneProviron

Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes: Injectable Steroids Generic name or categoryExample trade names Testosterone estersDelatestryl, Sustanon Nandrolone estersDeca-Durabolin StanozololStrombaject Methenolone enanthatePrimobolan-Depot Boldenone undecylenateParenabol Trenbolone acetateParabolan

Body Composition Changes With Anabolic Steroids

Risks of Anabolic Steroid Use  Primary risk for women is masculinization.  Primary risks for young boys are accelerated puberty; early closure of the ends of the long bones.  Both males and females who use high doses of anabolic steroids are at risk for psychological changes that include increased aggressiveness.

Potential Risks to Performance  Uncontrolled emotional responses directed at a teammate  Unanticipated decline in performance when steroid use is stopped  Undesirable increase in body weight in aerobic endurance athletes

Anabolic Steroids: Bottom Lines  Anabolic steroid use will likely increase body weight.  Other performance benefits have not been well tested or demonstrated.  Suspected psychological effects are difficult to test.  Health risks in men are comparable to known risks to women from use of oral steroidal contraceptives.  More serious health risks accompany the use of very high doses of anabolic steroids.

Other Hormones Used by Athletes As Ergogenic Aids  Human chorionic gonadotropin increases testicular testosterone production.  Growth hormone stimulates physical growth of the body.  Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production.  Beta-adrenergic agonists affect the metabolic and nervous systems.

Problems in Drug Testing  Some ergogenic substances, such as caffeine, occur naturally in the body.  Some substances, such as recombinant human growth hormone, are difficult to test for because they are indistinguishable from naturally occurring hormones.  Masking agents may dilute the urine specimen and make it difficult to obtain a positive test.

Dietary Supplements  Vitamins  Steroid replacers  Growth hormone releasers  L-carnitine  Creatine  Caffeine

Supplements & Your Role Have a working Knowledge Have a working Knowledge Be prepared to answer questions from parents and athletes. Be prepared to answer questions from parents and athletes. Support your arguments & do so in a non- aggressive manner (educate don’t dictate). Support your arguments & do so in a non- aggressive manner (educate don’t dictate).

Categories Steroids Steroids Anabolic Anabolic Andro? Andro? Volumizers Volumizers Creatine Creatine Dietary Dietary Protein Protein Vitamins Vitamins More is not better More is not better