6.4 طاقة التأين تزداد طاقة تأين العناصر من اليسار حتى اليمين في الدورة ومن أسفل لأعلى في المجموعة السبب هو: صعوبة حذف أحد إلكترونات التكافؤ كلما زاد العدد.

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6.4 طاقة التأين تزداد طاقة تأين العناصر من اليسار حتى اليمين في الدورة ومن أسفل لأعلى في المجموعة السبب هو: صعوبة حذف أحد إلكترونات التكافؤ كلما زاد العدد الذري في الدورة. (1) الذرة التي لها أكبر جهد تأين أولي هي: (أ) P (ب) N (ج) O (د) C (2) تزداد طاقة التأين ( جهد التأين الأول ) للعناصر في الجدول الدوري: (أ) من يمين الدورة إلي يسارها (ب) من يسار الدورة إلى يمينها (ج) من أعلى المجموعة إلى أسفلها (د) جميع الإجابات السابقة خطأ

Ionization energy is the minimum energy (kJ/mol) required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state. I1 + X (g) X+(g) + e- I2 + X+(g) X2+(g) + e- I3 + X2+(g) X3+(g) + e- I1 first ionization energy I2 second ionization energy I3 third ionization energy I1 < I2 < I3

General Trend in First Ionization Energies Increasing First Ionization Energy Increasing First Ionization Energy

(3) أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى طاقة التأين الاولية: 3. Which of these elements has the highest first ionization energy? A. Cs B. Ga C. K D. As (4) أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى طاقة التأين الاولية: 4. Which of these elements has the highest first ionization energy? A. C B. Si C. Ge D. Sn (5) أي من العناصر التالية لها أصغر طاقة التأين الاولية: 5. Which of these elements has the smallest first ionization energy? A. Cl B. Na C. Be D. K (6) أي من العناصر التالية لها أصغر طاقة التأين الاولية: 6. Which of these elements has the smallest ionization energy? A. Li B. Na C. Be D. Rb

6.5 الألفة الإلكترونية Electron affinity (1) أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى آلفة إلكترونية: (أعلى قيمة موجبة) 1. Which of these elements has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)? A. Mg B. Al C. Si E. S (2) أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى آلفة إلكترونية: (أعلى قيمة موجبة) 2. Which of these elements has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)? A. K B. Br C. As D. Ar (3) أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى آلفة إلكترونية: (أعلى قيمة موجبة) 3. Which of these atoms has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)? A. S B. P C. Ga E. Br (4) الآلفة الإلكترونية للأكسجين تساوي: 4. The electron affinity of oxygen is equal to A. the ionization energy of O-. B. the ionization energy of O2-. C. the second ionization energy of O. D. twice the electron affinity of O+.

Electron affinity Electron affinity is the negative of the energy change that occurs when an electron is accepted by an atom in the gaseous state to form an anion. X (g) + e- X-(g) F (g) + e- X-(g) EA = +328 kJ/mol O (g) + e- O-(g) EA = +141 kJ/mol

(1أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى آلفة إلكترونية: (أعلى قيمة موجبة) 1. Which of these elements has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)? A. Mg B. Al C. Si D. S (2أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى آلفة إلكترونية: (أعلى قيمة موجبة) 2. Which of these elements has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)? A. K B. Br C. As D. Ar (3أي من العناصر التالية لها أعلى آلفة إلكترونية: (أعلى قيمة موجبة) 3. Which of these atoms has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)? A. S B. P C. Ga D. Br (4الآلفة الإلكترونية للأكسجين تساوي: 4. The electron affinity of oxygen is equal to A. the ionization energy of O-. B. the ionization energy of O2-. C. the second ionization energy of O. D. twice the electron affinity of O+. (5الذرة التي لها أعلى ألفه إلكترونية فيما يلي هي: (أ) B (ب) N (ج) Mg (د) C

Increasing Size Increasing ionization energy Decreasing Size of the atom Increasing electronegativity Increasing ionization energy Increasing electron infinity Increasing Size Increasing ionization energy Increasing electron infinity Increasing electronegativity

الميل لتكوين أيونات سالبة الميل لتكوين أيونات موجبة المجموعة (7 – أ) المجموعة (1 – أ) الميل لتكوين أيونات سالبة الخاصية الافلزية الحجم الذرى الميل لتكوين أيونات موجبة تقــل تزداد يزداد 3Li 9F 11Na 17Cl 19K 35Br 37Rb 53 I 55Cs 87 Fr