COLLECTION OF DATA  Direct observation  Interview  Experiment  Questionnaire

DIRECT OBSERVATION  A ccurate  Reliable  Limited ambiguity  Expensive

PERSONAL INTERVIEW  Identity of respondent is known  Sincerity of answer may be checked  Ambiguities may be clarified  Lack of response on sensitive issues  Time consuming  Expensive (esp. door-to-door)

TELEPHONE INTERVIEW  No travelling expenses  Relatively cheap  Ambiguities may be clarified  Not all people have phones  Identity of respondent unknown  Respondent may not be available

EXPERIMENT This is carried out in cases of novelties. Past data is normally unavailable so that fresh and accurate data can only be obtained by proper designing. In general, good control can be exerted over the variable under investigation.

QUESTIONNAIRE  Design  Pretest  Editing of results

QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN Questions  Short  Clear  Direct  Relevant to theme of survey

QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN Types of questions  Dichotomous  Multiple choice  Rating scale  Open-ended