Principles of Behavior Change Habituation Classical Conditioning

Learning (4 types) 1. Habituation 2. Classical Conditioning 3. Operant Conditioning 4. Modeling

Habituation Habituation: simplest form of learning. getting used to intensity of lights defined as the decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentation of a stimulus that elicits the response

Principles of Habituation: 1. Course of Habituation: when a stimulus is repeatedly presented, habituation of a response occurs. 2. The Effects of Time: if stimulus is withheld for a period of time, habituation decreases. 3. Relearning Effect: if habituation to a stimulus has occurred in the past is withheld and then re-administered, there will be a savings of time. (less time to habituate) 4. Effects of Stimulus Intensity: we can habituate to weak - moderate stimuli, but very strong stimuli may not result in habituation. 5. Stimulus Generalization: transfer of habituation from one stimulus to another. Generalization occurs in habituation.

Habituation A basic process needed to extinguish various fears. Exposure leads to a decrease in responding.

Sensitization Opposite of Habituation Grow more sensitive due to exposure Tinnitus Oversensitive to certain sounds

Not all behavior is learned Examples?

Reflex (S-R sequence)

Reflexes key to classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning Behaviorism was ‘in the air” prior to the emergence of the big names. Zeitgeist: Is the atmosphere of the times Ivan Sechenov ( ) : founder of Russian objective psychology (similar to behaviorism) Objective Psychology: study only those things that are directly observable.

Pavlov ( ) Classical Conditioning Respondent Conditioning Pavlovian Conditioning Born in Russia Attended Seminary Won Nobel Prize Classical Conditioning in 1899.

Classical Conditioning a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus Classical = Pavlovian = respondent

Classical Conditioning Terms neutral stimulus - NS unconditioned stimulus - UCS unconditioned response - UCR conditioned stimulus - CS conditioned response - CR

Classical Conditioning HBefore conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Classical Conditioning HAcquisition ç The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus(CS) are paired repeatedly

Classical Conditioning HAfter conditioning

Classical Conditioning CR can be appetitive or aversive

Twitmyer, 1902 NS (tone) UCS (tap knee)  UCR (knee jerk)

Twitmyer, 1902 NS (tone)  CS CR (knee jerk)

NS (“Bailey Boy”) CS UCS (catnip)  UCR (pleasure)

NS (“Bailey Boy”) CS CR (pleasure)

An Onion and Arousal??? UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal)

Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea)

Standard Paradigm HPhase 1: HNS  no response (bell) HUCS  UCR (natural reflex) H(food) (salivation) HPhase 2: HNS (bell)  UCS (food)  UCR (salivation). HPairing NS with UCR. HPhase 3: HNS becomes CS: CS  CR

Pavlov ’ s dog, cat and cousin Pavlov ’ s dog, cat and cousin

Classical Conditioning HEye Blink Responses in Rabbits

Bechterev ( ) Russian Studied (almost exclusively) the relationship between environmental stimuli and behaviour. His name should have been famous, but Watson read Pavlov’s studies instead of Bechterev.

John B. Watson “ Radical ” Behaviorism Little Albert

Watson, John B. ( ) “ father of behaviourism” History: mother- very religious. Father “drank, swore and chased women” left family when Watson was 13. Watson wasn’t a good student, charmed his way into U of Chicago nervous breakdown 1903 doctoral thesis completed (became assistant professor at U of C, earning 600/ yr. at 25 yrs of age, was the youngest to graduate U of C with a doctorate. Married Mary Ickles, a student.

John B. Watson 1907 John Hopkins, earning $ 3,000 /yr 1914 becomes 24th president of APA, at age 36 Scandal: 1920: affair with student Rosalie Rayner divorced and fired, looses everything 1921 marries Rosalie. 42 yrs old, she is 21. Broke. went into advertising making $ 10,000/ yr 1928 $50,000 / yr 1930 $ 70,000/ yr

Watson and Little Albert Film Example

Fear Conditioning in Little Albert

Excitatory Conditioning Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US is known as excitatory conditioning

Inhibitory Conditioning Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the absence of removal of a US

Excitatory, Inhibitory Conditioning Bell Meat Salivation Bell No Salivation Light

Temporal Arrangements Does the timing of the CS relative to the UCS make a difference?

Timing is Everything! “ stimulus contiguity ”

Timing is Everything! Forward Conditioning short delay long delay trace Backward Simultaneous

CSUS Delay CS US Trace Long-Delay CSUS CS US Backward

Timing is Everything! Which is the best method? short-delay What is the ideal time delay? 1/2 second or so…

Conditioned Taste Aversion

= Satisfying Taste? = Urge to throw up? OR

Nausea

Conditioned Taste Aversion long delay between CS and UCS violates standard rule of short delay Nausea

Do you have an example? 50% of College students do