Learning Learning = any relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience 1.Learning through signaling (= classical conditioning) 2.Learning through.

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Learning Learning = any relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience 1.Learning through signaling (= classical conditioning) 2.Learning through consequences of behavior (= operant conditioning) 3.Learning by watching (= observational learning)

Little Albert Pavlov’s Dog Learning I: Classical & Instrumental Conditioning Pavlov Watson Thorndike

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (b. near Moscow) Animal research using live animals Early research on animal digestion in which taste of food shown to trigger release of gastric juices “Psychic reflexes” become focus of work ttp://

Pavlov’s Research on Conditioning Animals had small incision in jaw to create a channel (fistula) through which saliva would flow and be collected & measured Pavlov researched what would happen when he turned on a metronome just before he put meat powder in the dog’s bowl

Conditioning I Unconditioned stimulus (UCS [meat powder]) elicits an unconditioned response (UCR [salivation]). Neutral stimulus (e.g., bell) does not trigger salivation + Training No response Before training UCS UCR After training CS CR Pair a neutral stimulus with the UCS a number of times. The neutral stimulus goes before the UCS in the trainingPair a neutral stimulus with the UCS a number of times. The neutral stimulus goes before the UCS in the training The neutral stimulus now elicits salivation. It’s become a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation is now a conditioned response (CR)The neutral stimulus now elicits salivation. It’s become a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation is now a conditioned response (CR) Signaling: Bell signals expectation of foodSignaling: Bell signals expectation of food Note: Unconditioned = “natural”

Examples of Conditioning In a school auditorium, the student body suddenly suddenly gets very quiet. What do you do? Why? In a horror movie, there is the sound of a squeaking door. What’s up? Your mother says nothing but closes her lips and frowns. What do you do? You are afraid of heights, are on your way to Newport, RI in a car, and you see the image to the right in the distance. What happens? Why? What examples can you suggest from your own life?

Conditioning II: Basic Processes New conditioned response acquisition requires that The pairings must be done closely in time = stimulus contiguity The neutral stimulus needs to be novel or at least an intensive stimulus which is distinctive Higher-Order Conditioning A second CS can be paired with a first CS and serve to cause a CR (red light -> tone -> food => salivation) A third CS cannot be paired to a second CS

Conditioning III: Basic Processes Extinction After repeated presentations of CS, the CR gradually dies. This might be called the “Chicken Little” effect Spontaneous Recovery If animal rests after extinction of CR, it tends reappears again Stimulus Generalization Animal will often respond to stimuli which are similar to CS Stimulus Discrimination Animals can learn to respond only to certain stimuli and not to others that are like it

John Broadus Watson Taught at Johns Hopkins University Phipps Psychiatric Clinic (late 1910s) –Fear, rage, & love are basic emotions from which all other emotions arise by conditioning –Conditioning of Little Albert (see next slide) 1921 Fired from Hopkins due to affair with student, Rosalie Rayner, whom he married Worked at J. Walter Thompson advertising agency & applied psychology to marketing issues

What ever happened to Little Albert? (Watson & Rayner, 1920) Albert 9 months only afraid of loud noises; not of 11 months: white rat + sound of loud bar being struck (2x) 1 wk. later: repeated 5x: Albert shows fear response to rat 5 days later: fear response to rabbit, dog, seal fur coat, Santa Claus mask (stimulus generalization) About two weeks later, Albert left hospital. Never seen again Watson believed this was proof that fears in later life were caused by processes of conditioning Unethical experiment Watson Raynor YouTube Video

More on Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life Fears-Phobias Food Aversions Business –Promoting Sales –Promoting Self Politics –Positive Associations –Negative Associations

Edward L. Thorndike Professor at Teachers’ College NYC Early work on animal learning –Cats use trial & error to escape puzzles boxes –Animals learn when they are rewarded = Law of Effect: success strengthens the bond between a stimulus & a response (Instrumental Conditioning Human learning processes –Rejected notion that general learning exercises the mind –Transfer of training is limited = suggests need for more focused learning