Neurophysiology of the central nervous system Dr. Loai Alzghoul

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Presentation transcript:

Neurophysiology of the central nervous system Dr. Loai Alzghoul

Organization of the nervous system

Levels of the CNS 1)Spinal cord 2)Brain stem and sub cortical 3)Cerebral cortex

3 Major Levels of CNS Function The spinal cord level. –more than just a conduit for signals from periphery of body to brain and vice versa. –cord contains: walking circuits. reflexes circuits.

The brain stem and subcortical Contains: –medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Controls subconscious body activities: –arterial pressure, respiration, equilibrium, feeding reflexes, emotional patterns.

The Higher Brain or Cortical Level Higher order functions : language, thoughts and personality Large memory storehouse. Each portion of the nervous system performs specific functions, but it is the cortex that opens the world up for one’s mind.

Organization of the Nervous System Sensory Division –tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory. Motor Division –respond to and move about in our environment. Integrative Division –process information, creation of memory.

Figure 45-2 Somatosensory Axis of the Nervous System

Figure 45-3 Skeletal Motor Nerve Axis of the Nervous System

Terminology: Afferent VS Efferent

Terminology: 1 st order, 2 nd order and 3 rd order neurons

Histology of the NS

Neuron Structure

Types of neurons

Neuroglia

Myelination

Neuroglia Myelination In PNS = Schwann cell

Neuroglia Form the blood- cerebrospinal fluid barrier

Neuroglia

Phagocytize

Neuroglia Astrocytes 1)Support for neurons 2)Form the blood –brain barrier 3)Learning and memory 4)Maintain the prober environment for the neurons

Neuroglia Astrocytes 1)Support for neurons 2)Form the blood –brain barrier 3)Learning and memory 4)Maintain the prober environment for the neurons In PNS = Satellite cells

Nervous tissue

Gray matter : neuron cells White natter: myelinated axons

Synapses and Neurotransmitters

Communication Between Neurons Synapse:

Communication Between Neurons Synapse: A specialized site of contact, and transmission of information between a neuron and an effector cell Figure 45-5 Anterior Motor Neuron

Communication Between Neurons Electrical synapse

Communication Between Neurons Electrical synapse Chemical synapse

Communication Between Neurons Chemical synapse Neurotransmitter: is a messenger of neurologic information from one cell to another.

Synaptic Transmission

Action of Neurotransmitter on Postsynaptic Neuron postsynaptic membrane contains receptor proteins for the transmitter released from the presynaptic terminal. The effect of neurotransmitter on the post synaptic neuron depend on the type of the receptor

Action of Neurotransmitter on Postsynaptic Neuron Two types of receptors –Ion channels receptors

Action of Neurotransmitter on Postsynaptic Neuron Two types of receptors –Ion channels receptors –Second messenger receptors

Ion Channels receptors transmitters that open sodium channels excite the postsynaptic neuron. transmitters that open chloride channels inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. transmitters that open potassium channels inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.

Seconded messenger receptors (as example G-protein) Ion Channel 1.Opening specific ion channels 2.Activation of cAMP or cGMP 3.Activation of one or more intracellular enzymes 4.Activation of gene transcription.