PC20312 Wave Optics Section 2: Polarization. Polarization states Image from Wikipedia linearcircularelliptical.

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PC20312 Wave Optics Section 2: Polarization

Polarization states Image from Wikipedia linearcircularelliptical

Linear and circular polarization

Dipole radiation /~hira/hobby/edu/em/dipole2/dipole2.html E Optical E-field……drives oscillating dipoles in the medium… …which radiate in all directions except parallel to E.

Polarization by reflection Click here for a web-based animation of Brewster’s angle E perpendicular to plane of incidence “s-polarised” Emission always max in direction of E r E parallel to plane of incidence “p-polarised” Emission amplitude varies with direction of E r EiEi ErEr EtEt EiEi ErEr EtEt

Brewster’s angle,  B Sir David Brewster EiEi E r =0 EtEt tt BB ntnt nini P-polarised light

Polarization by scattering E in vertical  no vertical scattering E in horiz.  no horiz. scattering Animation from For unpolarised incident light the scattered light is: Completely polarised in vertical  horiz directions Partially polarised in intermediate directions unpolarised polarised partially polarised

Polarized light in nature Image from Wikipedia Unfiltered imageImage seen through polarising filter

Polaroid PVA structure from  Polaroid sheet eg aligned PVA molecules E cos  E sin  E cos  E-field component aligned with long axis of molecule is absorbed E

Malus’ Law Etienne-Louis Malus

Anisotropic Materials Image from Wikipedia Calcite CaCO 3 EyEy ExEx PyPy PxPx n o = & n e =1.486 (at =590 nm) For calcite:

Birefringence E o perpendicular to k & optic axis E e perpendicular to E o z y x k   EoEo EeEe Optic Axis EoEo

Double Refraction Image from Wikipedia unpolarised light Optic Axis e-ray o-ray For calcite, typical angle between beams ~6 

Polarizing Beamsplitter polarised light unpolarised light Optic Axis points towards you polarised light calcite transparent glue o-ray e-ray Photo from

Waveplates Optic Axis d z y x n o >n e : Optic Axis is ‘fast’ n e >n o : Optic Axis is ‘slow’ Photo from In this diagram, is the optic axis slow or fast?

The Faraday Effect Image from Material V (rad.T -1.m -1 ) Glass 9.2  Water 3.8  Air 1.8  Quartz 4.8  Terbium Gallium Garnet -40

Faraday Isolator 45  P1P1 P2P2 E B P1P1 P2P2 B E