transition between head & body = level of interventricular foramen (like level of transition between frontal horn & body of lateral ventricle) 2 (nucleus, be secific) Body of caudate nucleus 1 (nucleus, be specific) Head of caudate nucleus 3 (space) Interventricular foramen

. . Cervical Spinal Cord 2 5 4 1 3 6 Position of: ventral corticospinal, vestibulospinal, & reticulospinal tracts ventral horn with LMN 5 lateral corticospinal & rubrospinal tracts lateral corticospinal tract + rubrospinal tract 4 1 3 medial & lateral motor nuclei in ventral horn ventral corticospinal, vestibulo- spinal, & reticulospinal tracts 6 . . Cervical Spinal Cord

1 2 3

1 2 Midbrain Superior cerebellar peduncles Decussation of superior Lateral lemniscus Midbrain

Caudal Pons 5 8 nucleus 9 fibers 4 3 7 nerve 2 1 10 11 nerve nucleus 6 Reticular formation with reticular nuclei & descending rubro- spinal fibers 5 8 nucleus facial nucleus descending cortical fibers 9 fibers descending cortical fibers abducens nerve roots 4 3 7 nerve exit of facial nerve roots 2 facial nucleus 1 Facial nerve roots 10 nucleus abducens nucleus exit of VI nerve roots 11 nerve abducens nucleus 6 Caudal Pons

Trigeminal Main Motor Nucleus Supplies muscles of mastication Reticular Formation Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers mixed What is the ~location of the: Corticobulbar & Corticospinal Fibers? Trigeminal Motor Nucleus? Reticular Formation? Rostral Pons Level

1 2 3 4

5 (nucleus, be specific) 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 5 4 body of caudate nucleus (part of lateral wall of body of lateral ventricle 1 Posterior limb, internal capsule 2 Insular cortex 3 Putamen Globus pallidus (only small fragment left) Lateral thalamus (this image Is posterior to the VL nucleus) 5 4

4 5 nucleus 1 6 7 2 8 3 9 Anterior (frontal) horn of lateral ventricle anterior limb, internal capsule head of caudate nucleus 6 putamen 7 Globus pallidus Genu, internal capsule (interventricular foramen) 2 8 thalamus 3 Posterior limb, internal capsule 9 Atrium of lateral ventricle III Ventricle

3 nucleus 4 2 5 nucleus 1 6

Rostral Medulla 3 4 2 nerve 8 1 nerve 9 11 10 6 5 7 reticular formation with reticular nuclei + & descending rubrospinal & reticulospinal fibers Pyramidal (corticospinal) tract 4 3 Hypoglossal nerve roots 2 nerve 8 pyramidal tract 1 nerve Vagal Nerve roots nuc. ambiguus 9 Hypoglossal nuc. 11 10 Vest. Nuc. nucleus ambiguus vestibular nuclei 6 5 hypoglossal nucleus 7 Rostral Medulla

1 2 3 5 4

What neurologic signs & symptoms would this patient have? What anatomic structure is affected by the lesion? The patient would develop over the course of several months “unintentional, forceful, flinging movements” of his contralateral limbs, i.e. right upper and lower limbs. These involuntary movements resolved after several weeks of anti-toxoplasmosis treatment . The rim enhancing lesion is in the location of the subthalamic nucleus.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Abducens Nucleus Facial Nerve Fibers Reticular Formation Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers mixed What is the ~location of the: Corticobulbar & Corticospinal Fibers? Facial Nerve Fibers? Abducens Nucleus? Reticular Formation? Rostral Medulla Level

5 (nucleus, be specific) 1 8 9 2 3 10 Thalamus Thalamus 4 What are the two components of the lenticular nucleus? Putamen & Globus Palidus

2 1 3 4 5

5 6 4 3 nucleus nucleus 7 2 8 1 9 Anterior (frontal) horn of lateral ventricle 6 nucleus 4 Anterior (frontal) horn of lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum head of caudate nucleus 3 nucleus head of caudate nucleus Anterior Limb, IC 7 2 Anterior Limb, IC 8 putamen 1 putamen 9 nucleus accumbens

Cross section through one cochlear turn 5 Vestibular Membrane 1 6 2 3 4 7 Cross section through one cochlear turn

Mid Pons 4 3 5 7 2 6 1 8 reticular formation with descending rubrospinal fibers 3 descending cortical fibers 5 descending cortical fibers trigeminal nerve & nerve roots 7 motor nuc. of V 2 6 1 Nerve Roots of V motor nucleus of V 8 Mid Pons

What is the ~location of the: Insular Cortex? Caudate Body? Putamen? Posterior Limb Int. Capsule Putamen Thalamic Fasciculus Globus pallidus What is the ~location of the: Insular Cortex? Caudate Body? Putamen? Posterior Limb of IC? Globus Palidus? Thalamic Fasciculus?

3 4 1 2 5

2 1 (space) 4 3 (space) 5 7 6 9 8 11 10 (space) Vestibular membrane Scala vestibuli 1 (space) stria vascularis 4 Cochlear duct 3 (space) 5 Tectorial membrane Outer hair cells 7 Inner hair cell 6 Spiral lamina 9 Auditory nerve fibers 8 Basilar membrane 11 10 (space) Scala tympani

1 SMA FEF PMA What is the ~location of the: Prefrontal Cortex? Motor planning FEF PMA Motor planning Of voluntary action Prefrontal Cortex Processing sensory and memory info Decision making What is the ~location of the: Prefrontal Cortex? PMA (premotor area)? SMA (supplementary motor area) FEF (frontal eye field)

Lateral Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal Tract Lateral Motor nuclei Lateral Vestibulospinal tract What is the ~location of the: Lateral Corticospinal Tract? Medial Motor nuclei Rubrospinal Tract? Lateral Motor Nuclei Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract? Medial Motor Nuclei Lumbar Level

1 4 2 Thalamus 3

Thalamus 1 2 Lentiform Nucleus 3

1 2 3 4 ant. limb, Int. capsule (frontal eye field fibers) head of caudate nucleus frontal horn, lateral ventricle 2 3 optic chiasm 4 putamen ICA

Tympanic membrane 1 LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

2 3 4 1 5 6 Post. limb, int. capsule: corticospinal + corticopontine + thalamocortical fibers 3 Body of lateral ventricle thalamus 4 descending cortical fibers in crus cerebri of midbrain 1 5 III Ventricle Lentiform nucleus (only putamen is visible) 6

What descending fibers from the primary motor cortex have degenerated in the indicated areas?

4 1 5 6 8 7 3 9 2

3 6 4 7 9 nucleus 1 10 2 nucleus 11 nucleus 5 8 12 13 Posterior limb, IC 4 Posterior limb, IC 7 9 nucleus Cortical fibers In crus cerebri Body of caudate Body, lateral ventricle 1 Body, lateral ventricle 10 2 nucleus Body, caudate nucleus 11 nucleus General position, Tail of caudate lentiform nucleus 5 Tentorium cerebelli (inner edges tentorial notch 8 thalamus MIDBRAIN 3 Tentorium cerebelli Temporal horn, Lat. Ventricle (very dark) 12 PONS substantia nigra 13 MEDULLA 6 Substantia nigra internal capsular fibers enter midbrain lateral to substantia nigra

Lateral Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal Tract What is the ~location of the: Lateral Corticospinal Tract? Rubrospinal Tract? C7 Level

1 2 3

What is the ~location of the: Corticobulbar Fibers? Red Nucleus Corticospinal Fibers Occulomotor Nucleus Nerve Corticobulbar fibers What is the ~location of the: Corticobulbar Fibers? Corticospinal Fibers? Red Nucleus? Oculomotor Nucleus & Nerve? Rostral Midbrain Level

Trochlear nerve exit PAG Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers mixed What is the ~location of the: Corticobulbar & Corticospinal Fibers? PAG? Trochlear Nerve? Rostral Pons Level

Pons/Midbrain Junction Lateral lemniscus 1 Inferior colliculus 2 Pons/Midbrain Junction

What is the ~location of the: Corticospinal Fibers? Corticobulbar fibers – go to genu of internal capsule What is the ~location of the: Corticospinal Fibers? Corticobulbar Fibers? Rostral Midbrain Level

1 (fluid) 4 5 7 2 (fluid) 6 8 9 3 (fluid)

2 1 3 4 5 6

1 2 3

2 1 3

Hypoglossal Nerve Roots & Nucleus Vestibular Nuclei MLF Reticular Formation Pyramid What is the ~location of the: Pyramid? MLF? Vestibular Nuclei? Reticular Formation? Hypoglossal Nucleus & Nerve Roots? Rostral Medulla Level

Lateral Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal Tract Anterior Corticospinal tract Medial Motor nuclei What is the ~location of the: Lateral Corticospinal Tract? Rubrospinal Tract? Medial Motor Nuclei Anterior Corticospinal Tract? Thoracic Level

1 (nucleus) What are the inputs & outputs of this nucleus? What kind of weighted MRI is this? Inputs to the inferior olivary nucleus: rubroolivary fibers from the red nucleus, spinal afferents and reticuloolivary fibers from the reticular formation. Outputs from the inferior olivary nuclei: olivocerebellar fibers to the contralateral cerebellum terminating as climbing fibers. T2

7 1 8 2 9 3 4 10 5 6 Part of spiral ganglion Scala vestibuli Auditory part of VIII nerve Scala media (cochlear duct) 2 modiolus 9 3 Scala tympani Artifact space 4 Vestibular membrane Part of spiral ganglion 10 Stria vascularis 5 6 Basilar membrane

1 2

Chorda tympani nerve Styloid process Mastoid process 1 (bony recess) Petrotympanic fissure Mastoid process 2 (bony landmark) 5 (nerve) Chorda tympani nerve Facial nerve exiting the stylomastoid foramen 3 nerve & opening LATERAL ASPECT OF TEMPORAL BONE MODEL Styloid process 4 (bony landmark)

descending cortical fibers 1 2 MLF Trochlear nucleus 3 Caudal Midbrain

1 2 3 Putamen (lentiform nucleus)

What kind of weighted MRI is this? 1 What is a functional task shared by the fastigial nucleus & the vermal cortex? What kind of weighted MRI is this? The fastigial nucleus links vestibulocerebellar cortex and portions of the vermal cortex with vestibular and reticular nuclei of the brainstem. They share the task of influencing axial musculature. T2

Midbrain/Thalamic Junction Abbreviations: CS = corticospinal CB = corticobulbar Position of: oculomotor nucleus + nerve roots 3 2 4 CB 1 CS optic tract 6 CB CS 7 Oculomotor nerve roots nucleus 8 9 10 Red nucleus 5 RED NUCLEUS Midbrain/Thalamic Junction

What is the ~location of the: Auditory Association Cortex? Wernicke's Area Planum Temporale Auditory Association Cortex 1 What is the ~location of the: Auditory Association Cortex? Wernicke’s Area? Planum Temporale?

What kind of weighted MRI is this? 1 (nucleus) What kind of weighted MRI is this? T1

1 Mastoid antrum and air cells LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

Midbrain/Thalamus Transition Brachium of inferior colliculus 1 Medial geniculate nucleus 2 brachium of superior colliculus 3 4 Superior colliculus Midbrain/Thalamus Transition

Trochlear Nucleus – fibers from FEF via Premotor Area Corticospinal Fibers Corticobulbar fibers What is the ~location of the: Corticobulbar Fibers? Corticospinal Fibers? Trochlear Nucleus? Caudal Midbrain Level

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Pontine Nuclei Pontocerebellar fibers What is the ~location of the: Middle Cerebellar Peduncle? Pontine Nuclei? Pontocerebellar Fibers? Rostral Pons Level

What kind of weighted MRI is this? 1 What kind of weighted MRI is this? T1

1 2 3 4 5

Facial nerve entering the internal acoustic meatus Semicircular canals 2 Facial nerve entering the internal acoustic meatus 1 nerve & opening Sigmoid sinus 3 MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE TEMPORAL BONE MODEL

Incus Malleus: head handle Chorda tympani nerve 2 (nerve) 1 Tensor tympani muscle Incus 4 3 Malleus: head handle LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

Sup. Cerebellar peduncle decussation What is the ~location of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Decussation? Caudal Midbrain Level

Caudal Medulla 1 crossing 2 crossing Pyramidal decussation general position of pyramidal decussation 2 crossing Caudal Medulla

Stapes (on the oval window) 1 Stapedius muscle Stapes (on the oval window) MEDIAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

Auditory tube 1 LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

1 2 3

1 2 (2 nerves)

Rostral Medulla 1 2 3 4 Inferior cerebellar peduncle Ventral cochlear nucleus Dorsal cochlear nucleus 3 Vestibular nuclei 4 Rostral Medulla

Thalamus 1 3 4 (fibers) 2 (fibers) Posterior limb, Posterior limb, Internal capsule 3 Posterior limb, Internal capsule VL nuc. VL 4 (fibers) crus cerebri with corticopontine fibers 2 (fibers) crus cerebri with corticopontine fibers Thalamus

Midbrain/Thalamus Transition Medial geniculate nucleus 1 Lateral geniculate nucleus 2 brachium of superior colliculus 3 4 Superior colliculus Midbrain/Thalamus Transition

4 1 2 5 (opening) 3 (nerve) basilar artery with origin of bircumferential branches 4 1 cochlea 2 semicircular canals vestibulo- cochlear n. nerve 3 (nerve) 5 (opening) internal auditory meatus (opening in skull)

1 Inferior colliculus We DON’T need to distinguish b/t superior/inferior colliculi in clinical scans.

1 Transverse temporal gyrus or planum temporale

What kind of weighted MRI is this? Middle Cerebellar Peduncle 1 What is the source of info being sent through the middle cerebellar peduncle? What kind of weighted MRI is this? Pontine nuclei receive input from the cortex via corticopontine fibers. Pontocerebellar fibers enter the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. T2

Endolymphatic hydrops result from what disease? This is a cross-section of a cochlea affected by what pathology? Meniere’s Disease Endolymphatic Hydrops

Facial nerve exiting facial canal through the stylomastoid foramen 1 (internal opening) Facial canal Facial nerve exiting facial canal through the stylomastoid foramen 2 nerve & opening Promontory (basal turn of cochlea) - tympanic plexus containing fibers of CN IX covers the promontory during life 3 MEDIAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

3 Semicircular Canals Semicircular Canal 1 Vestibule 2

Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Ventral Cochlear Nucleus What is the ~location of the: Ventral Cochlear Nucleus? - located lateral & dorsal to the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) - contain cell bodies of second order neurons in auditory path - receive fibers from cochlear nerve - will send axons into the acoustic stria Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus? Rostral Medulla Level

What is the ~location of the: Inferior Colliculus? Lateral Lemniscus Snake eating egg Inferior Colliculus What is the ~location of the: Inferior Colliculus? Lateral Lemniscus Pons/Midbrain Junction

Epitympanic recess 1 (space) LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

Superior Colliculus Brachium of Superior Colliculus Brachium of Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate Nucleus – receives fibers from brachium of inferior colliculus What is the ~location of the: Superior Colliculus? Brachium of the Superior Colliculus? Medial Geniculate Nucleus Brachium of the Inferior Colliculus Rostral Midbrain Level

3 1 2 4 5 9 6 7 10 8 11 12 19 13 14 20 15 16 21 17 18

Mastoid antrum and air cells LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

inner hair cell outer hair cells Tectorial Membrane 2 1 3

Auditory tube Chorda tympani nerve Tensor tympani muscle tendon LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

What is the ~location of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle? Sup. Cerebellar peduncle What is the ~location of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle? Rostral Pons Level

lateral lemniscus Superior cerebellar peduncle 1 2 Rostral Pons

Epitympanic recess Incus Malleus: head handle LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

1 What does it mean when “the tonsils herniate?” What kind of weighted MRI is this? The tonsils are the most caudal cerebellar tissues and they can bulge, or herniate into the foramen magnum. The meduallry distortion occurring with tonsillar herniation threatens respiratory drive and other essential life functions T2

Pons 1 (fibers) 3 (fibers) 4 (nuclei) 5 2 Pontocerebellar fibers (dark, horizontal) 1 (fibers) corticobulbar & corticospinal fibers 3 (fibers) 4 (nuclei) Pontine nuclei (pale in brain slice) middle cerebellar peduncle 5 superior cerebellar peduncle (outflow from the cerebellum) 2 Pons

1 What is the main source of info being transmitted to the midbrain from the cerebellum? Where does it terminate? What kind of weighted MRI is this? Cerebellorubral fibers and cerebellothalamic fibers travel in the superior cerebellar peduncle and influence UMN systems. Cerebellorubral fibers terminate in the contralateral red nucleus. Cerebellothalamic fibers terminate in the contralateral thalamus. T1

MGN What is the ~location of the Medial Geniculate Nucleus? Rostral Midbrain Level

SUPERIOR VIEW OF TEMPORAL BONE MODEL 1 Semicircular canal 2 Cochlea

1 4 (nuclei) 2 (nuclei) 3 (fibers) 7 (nuclei) 5 6 (nucleus) Inferior Cerebellar peduncle 1 4 (nuclei) Inferior Olivary Nuclei mid medulla 2 (nuclei) Vestibular Nuc. 3 (fibers) Olivocerebellar fibers (dark striations) 7 (nuclei) reticular motor nuclei in reticular formation Inferior Cerebellar peduncle 5 6 (nucleus) Vestibular Nuclei ROSTRAL MEDULLA

Cerebellothalamic fibers Red Nucleus Red Nucleus What is the ~location of the: Red Nucleus? Cerebellothalamic fibers? Rostral Midbrain Level

Aditus (hallway) leading from the epitypmanic recess to the mastoid antrum (cave) and air cells LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

Sup. Cerebellar peduncle decussation What is the ~location of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Decussation? Pons/Midbrain Junction

Tympanic membrane LATERAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

What is the ~location of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle? Sup. Cerebellar peduncle What is the ~location of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle? Rostral Pons Level

Stapedius muscle Stapes (on the oval window) MEDIAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

Facial canal Facial nerve exiting facial canal through the stylomastoid foramen Promontory (basal turn of cochlea) - tympanic plexus containing fibers of CN IX covers the promontory during life MEDIAL WALL OF MIDDLE EAR

Chorda tympani nerve Styloid process Mastoid process Petrotympanic fissure Mastoid process Chorda tympani nerve Facial nerve exiting the stylomastoid foramen LATERAL ASPECT OF TEMPORAL BONE MODEL Styloid process

lateral lemniscus and nuclei of lateral lemniscis What is the ~location of the Lateral Lemniscus? Rostral Pons Level

Lateral aperture IV ventricle General position 3 (nucleus) of cochlear nuclei VIII C.N. 1 (nerve) Lateral aperture 4 (opening) 2 inferior cerebellar peduncle IV ventricle 5

What kind of weighted MRI is this? Middle Cerebellar Peduncle 1 What kind of weighted MRI is this? T1

Genu of the facial nerve SUPERIOR VIEW OF TEMPORAL BONE MODEL Semicircular canal Cochlea Genu of the facial nerve

Olivocerebellar fibers – cerebrocerebellum receives fibers from contralalteal ION Vestibular Nuclei Inf Cerebellar peduncle Inf Olivary Nucleus What is the ~location of the: Vestibular Nuclei? Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle? Inferior Olivary Nucleus? Olivocerebellar Fibers? Midrostral Medulla Level

Facial nerve entering the internal acoustic meatus Semicircular canals Facial nerve entering the internal acoustic meatus Sigmoid sinus The jugular bulb is under here MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE TEMPORAL BONE MODEL

3 4 5 1 2 Deep cerebellar nuclei Fastigial nucleus Interposed nuclei Dentate nucleus 4 5 1 Cerebellar cortex Cerebellar white mater 2

1 2 3 4 Cerebellum, cell stain Are the parallel fibers of the granular Molecular layer 1 2 Purkinge cell layer Granule layer 3 Subcortical white matter 4 Are the parallel fibers of the granular cut longitudinally or tansversely? Transversely Cerebellum, cell stain

Is this section cut longitudinally or tansversely? 1 (layer) Molecular layer 2 (cell) Purkinje cell 3 (layer) Granule layer Is this section cut longitudinally or tansversely? Transversely Cerebellar Cortex, golgi stain

Midbrain/Thalamus Transition 2 (fibers) corticobulbar & corticospinal fibers cerebellothalamic fibers 5 (fibers) corticobulbar & corticospinal fibers corticopontine fibers 7 (fibers) 3 (fibers) corticopontine fibers 8 (fibers) 1 (fibers) corticopontine fibers 4 (nucleus) red nucleus corticopontine fibers 6 (fibers) red nucleus 9 (nucleus) Midbrain/Thalamus Transition

Midbrain 1 2 Superior cerebellar peduncle (outflow from the cerebellum) 1 Superior cerebellar peduncle (outflow from cerebellum) 2 Midbrain

Olivocerebellar fibers Vestibular Nuclei Inf Cerebellar peduncle Inf Olivary Nucleus What is the ~location of the: Vestibular Nuclei? Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle? Inferior Olivary Nucleus? Olivocerebellar Fibers? Rostral Medulla Level

Corticopontine fibers Corticospinal Fibers Corticobulbar fibers What is the ~location of the: Corticospinal Fibers? Corticobulbar Fibers? Corticopontine Fibers? Rostral Midbrain Level

What is the ~location of the thalamus?