MAPPING OUR WORLD

MAPPING Cartography- Cartography- science of map makingscience of map making

Maps *Flat models of 3-dimensional spaces **Earth is always distorted on maps

Typical Graph This is an example of a typical graph we are all familiar with. This is an example of a typical graph we are all familiar with. The graph is made up of different “points” with lines that connect the points. The graph is made up of different “points” with lines that connect the points. The points are referenced to the x and y axis The points are referenced to the x and y axis

Maps are Similar to Graphs Let each of the four quarters be designated by North or South and East or West. Let each of the four quarters be designated by North or South and East or West. N S EW

What are the 0 points? Equator – Equator – Separates the Earth into two equal halves called the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphereSeparates the Earth into two equal halves called the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere It is an imaginary belt that runs halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole.It is an imaginary belt that runs halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole. Equator

What are the O points? Prime Meridian – Prime Meridian – Divides the Earth runningDivides the Earth running North -South Separates the Earth into two halves – the Eastern hemisphere and the Western hemisphereSeparates the Earth into two halves – the Eastern hemisphere and the Western hemisphere Goes through Greenwich, England – home of Royal Naval ObservatoryGoes through Greenwich, England – home of Royal Naval Observatory PRIMEPRIME MERIDIANMERIDIAN

East West, North South on the Earth The N tells us we’re north of the Equator. The S tells us we’re south of the Equator. The N tells us we’re north of the Equator. The S tells us we’re south of the Equator. The E tells us that we’re east of the Prime Meridian. The W tells us that we’re west of the Prime Meridian. The E tells us that we’re east of the Prime Meridian. The W tells us that we’re west of the Prime Meridian. (N, W) (N, E) (S, W) (S, E)

Latitude and Longitude The earth is divided into lots of reference lines called latitude and longitude. The earth is divided into lots of reference lines called latitude and longitude.

What is Latitude? Latitude is the distance from the equator along the Y axis. Latitude is the distance from the equator along the Y axis. Lines running parallel to equator Lines running parallel to equator Measures NORTH – SOUTH, but runs East- West Measures NORTH – SOUTH, but runs East- West All points along the equator have a value of 0 degrees latitude. All points along the equator have a value of 0 degrees latitude. North pole = 90°N North pole = 90°N South pole = 90°S South pole = 90°S Values are expressed in terms of degrees. Values are expressed in terms of degrees. Y X 90°S 90°N

What is Latitude? Each degree of latitude is divided into 60 minutes. Each degree of latitude is divided into 60 minutes. Each minute is divided into 60 seconds. Each minute is divided into 60 seconds. Ex: coordinates of Sunny Hills HS Ex: coordinates of Sunny Hills HS 33°52′48″N 117°55′43″W Y X 90°S 90°N This is also true of longitude.

What is Longitude? Longitude is the distance from the prime meridian along the X axis. Longitude is the distance from the prime meridian along the X axis. Lines running parallel to Prime Meredian Lines running parallel to Prime Meredian Measures EAST – WEST, but runs North-South Measures EAST – WEST, but runs North-South All points along the prime meridian have a value of 0 degrees longitude. All points along the prime meridian have a value of 0 degrees longitude. The earth is divided into two parts, or hemispheres, of east and west longitude. The earth is divided into two parts, or hemispheres, of east and west longitude. Y X 180°W 180°E

What is Longitude? The earth is divided into 360 equal slices (meridians) The earth is divided into 360 equal slices (meridians) 180 west and 180 east of the prime meridian 180 west and 180 east of the prime meridian Y X 180°W 180°E

The Size of 1 o Latitude Latitude degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles, and a minute of latitude is approximately 1.15 milesdegree of latitude is approximately 69 miles, and a minute of latitude is approximately 1.15 miles Longitude Longitude A degree of longitude varies in size – it decreases to zero as meridians come together at the polesA degree of longitude varies in size – it decreases to zero as meridians come together at the poles At the equator, it is approximately 69 miles, the same size as a degree of latitude.At the equator, it is approximately 69 miles, the same size as a degree of latitude. At a latitude of 45 degrees, a degree of longitude is approximately 49 miles.At a latitude of 45 degrees, a degree of longitude is approximately 49 miles.

Coordinate System

Time Zones The Earth is divided into 24 time zones The Earth is divided into 24 time zones Each time zone is 15˚ wideEach time zone is 15˚ wide There are 6 different time zones in the U.S.There are 6 different time zones in the U.S.

International Date Line The International Date Line, or 180˚ meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days The International Date Line, or 180˚ meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days If you were traveling west across the IDL, you would advance your calendar one day.If you were traveling west across the IDL, you would advance your calendar one day. If you were traveling east across the IDL, you would move your calendar back one day.If you were traveling east across the IDL, you would move your calendar back one day.

Earth’s Magnetic Field Our planet has a magnetic field as if a giant bar magnet were buried within Earth. Our planet has a magnetic field as if a giant bar magnet were buried within Earth. When you use a magnetic compass, the compass needle points toward Earth’s magnetic pole that is very close to the geographic north pole. When you use a magnetic compass, the compass needle points toward Earth’s magnetic pole that is very close to the geographic north pole.

Mercator Projections: Mercator Projections: 1. Parallel lines of latitude and longitude 2. Land masses near the poles are exaggerated

Rotation The Earth rotates 15 o of longitude every hour The Earth rotates 15 o of longitude every hour 24 lines of longitude (24 hours) in one day 24 lines of longitude (24 hours) in one day 15 x 24 = 360 o total (full circle) 15 x 24 = 360 o total (full circle) 180 o longitude on each side of Prime Meridian180 o longitude on each side of Prime Meridian

See If You Can Tell In Which Quarter These Lon/Lats Are Located 1. 41°N, 21°E 1. 41°N, 21°E 2. 37°N, 76°W 2. 37°N, 76°W 3. 72°S, 141°W 3. 72°S, 141°W 4. 7°S, 23°W 4. 7°S, 23°W 5. 15°N, 29°E 5. 15°N, 29°E 6. 34°S, 151°E 6. 34°S, 151°E AB C D

1. B 1. B 2. A 2. A 3. C 3. C 4. C 4. C 5. B 5. B 6. D 6. D

Topographic Maps

Topographic Map A graphical illustration of the 3-D shape of the land at the surface of the earth A graphical illustration of the 3-D shape of the land at the surface of the earth Shows changes in elevation as well as land features such as rivers or roads Shows changes in elevation as well as land features such as rivers or roads

Features of Topographic Maps Relationship between 3D and 2D representation 3D view 2D view

Topographic Map Show the shape of the Earth’s Surface. Contour lines drawn on a map give the elevations for a region. Where the lines are close, the slope of the ground is steep. Where the lines are far apart, the slope of the ground is gentle.

Contour Lines Imaginary lines that connects points of equal elevation (height above sea level) Imaginary lines that connects points of equal elevation (height above sea level)

Contour Lines contour lines do not intersect, branch or cross, except in a vertical or overhanging cliff. When contour lines cross a stream, they form a “V” with the point of the V pointing upstream

Contour Lines steep slopes are shown by closely spaced contour lines gentle slopes are shown by widely spaced contour lines

Depression Contour Lines When the elevation is lower than the surroundin g area there are “hachures” on the line When the elevation is lower than the surroundin g area there are “hachures” on the line

Contour Interval The difference in elevation between two side-by-side lines The difference in elevation between two side-by-side lines Each map has a unique contour interval, so locate label on the map Each map has a unique contour interval, so locate label on the map

Contour Map Example On this map, the vertical distance between each of the contour lines is 10 feet. 1.Which hill is higher, hill A or hill B? 2.Which hill is steeper, hill A or hill B? 3.How many feet of elevation are there between contour lines? 4.How high is hill A? Hill B? 5.Are the contour lines closer on hill A or hill B?

Determining Gradient and Slope The rate of change in field values between two points in a field. The rate of change in field values between two points in a field. The average slope, or gradient, between any two points (A and B) on a mountain can be determined from a contour map. The average slope, or gradient, between any two points (A and B) on a mountain can be determined from a contour map. Gradient = Difference between A & B Gradient = Difference between A & B Distance between A & B

Determining Gradient Example Calculate the average slope of a mountain trail from the 980-meter contour line to the 480-meter contour. Calculate the average slope of a mountain trail from the 980-meter contour line to the 480-meter contour. The distance between these two elevations measures 4 kilometers. The distance between these two elevations measures 4 kilometers. Gradient = Difference in elevation (m) Gradient = Difference in elevation (m) Distance between the points (km) Distance between the points (km) = 980m – 480m 4km = 500m 4km 4km = 125 m/km

Map Scale A means of showing the relationship between the size of an object indicated on a map and the actual size of the object on the ground. Definition

Scale Types Fractional scale: - is a fixed ratio between linear measurements on the map and corresponding distances on the ground. Example: 1:62,500 Graphical scale: - is simply a line or bar drawn on the map and divided into units that represent ground distances. Example: Verbal scale: - is a convenient way of stating the relationship of map distance to ground distance. Example: 1 inch equals 1 mile Miles

Legend - describe what the symbols on the map represent