Sound

Sound Sounds are longitudinal waves that require a medium to travel caused by the vibrations of an object. Sounds are longitudinal waves that require a medium to travel caused by the vibrations of an object. Speed of Sound – on average: Speed of Sound – on average: Air is 767 mph (343 m/s) – about 1 mile every 5 sec Air is 767 mph (343 m/s) – about 1 mile every 5 sec Water is 3,315 mph (1,482 m/s) Water is 3,315 mph (1,482 m/s) Steel is 13,330 mph ( 5,960m/s) Steel is 13,330 mph ( 5,960m/s) The speed of sound depends on the elasticity, density and temperature of the medium. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity, density and temperature of the medium. Sonic Boom follows

Speed of Sound Speed of Sound: depends on the elasticity, density and temperature Speed of Sound: depends on the elasticity, density and temperature Elasticity – the ability of an object to bounce back to its original shape. Sound travels faster in more elastic objects. Typically gasses are the least elastic, liquids are next and solids are the most elastic. Elasticity – the ability of an object to bounce back to its original shape. Sound travels faster in more elastic objects. Typically gasses are the least elastic, liquids are next and solids are the most elastic. Density – generally speaking, in material of the same state of matter (solid, liquid or gas) the denser the medium the slower the sound travels. Sound travels slower in lead than it does in steel. Density – generally speaking, in material of the same state of matter (solid, liquid or gas) the denser the medium the slower the sound travels. Sound travels slower in lead than it does in steel. Temperature – generally speaking the higher the temperature the faster the speed of sound. Temperature – generally speaking the higher the temperature the faster the speed of sound.

Breaking the Sound Barrier Chuck Yeager – first man to fly faster than the speed of sound Chuck Yeager – first man to fly faster than the speed of sound Andy Green – first man to drive a land vehicle faster than the speed of sound. Andy Green – first man to drive a land vehicle faster than the speed of sound. October 14, 1947 – in X1 “Glamorous Glennis” October 15, 1997 – in SuperSonic Car “Thrust SSC” 763 MPH

Properties of Sound Intensity – the amount of energy the wave carries per second per meter squared Intensity – the amount of energy the wave carries per second per meter squared intensity = Watts / m 2 Loudness – sound level is measured in decibels (dB) Loudness – sound level is measured in decibels (dB)

Frequency & Pitch Frequency – the number of vibrations per second Frequency – the number of vibrations per second Human Hearing – between 20 Hz – 20,000 Hz Human Hearing – between 20 Hz – 20,000 Hz Below 20 Hz is called infrasound Below 20 Hz is called infrasound Above 20,000 Hz is called ultrasound Above 20,000 Hz is called ultrasound Pitch - dependent of frequency Pitch - dependent of frequency high frequency yields high pitch sounds high frequency yields high pitch sounds Low frequency yields low pitch Low frequency yields low pitch Resonance – when the frequency of sound matches the natural frequency of an object Resonance – when the frequency of sound matches the natural frequency of an object Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse

The Doppler Effect

What is the Doppler Effect? The Doppler effect is a quantitative analysis that shows how the frequency heard by a stationary observer depends on whether the observer sees the source approaching or receding The Doppler effect is a quantitative analysis that shows how the frequency heard by a stationary observer depends on whether the observer sees the source approaching or receding This means that waves have different observed frequencies when the wave source is in motion This means that waves have different observed frequencies when the wave source is in motion Frequency goes up as the object approaches, and Frequency goes down as it fades away. Frequency goes up as the object approaches, and Frequency goes down as it fades away. In English, this means things get louder as they get closer and quieter when they move away. In English, this means things get louder as they get closer and quieter when they move away.

A Diagram Direction of motion Sound waves

A Perfect Matching or a Bunch of “Fill-in-the-Blanks”

Hearing – Human Sound Need to know these structures & their function: Outer Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear, Pinna, Auditory canal, Tympanum, Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Oval Window, Cochlea, Auditory Nerve, Semicircular Canals, Eustachian Tube

Outer Ear Pinna- (the ear flap aka auricle), used to focus the sound waves into the ear canal Pinna- (the ear flap aka auricle), used to focus the sound waves into the ear canal External Auditory Meatus – the “hole through the temporal bone that opens the space for the ear canal, the middle & inner ears External Auditory Meatus – the “hole through the temporal bone that opens the space for the ear canal, the middle & inner ears Auditory Canal – (ear canal), focuses the sound onto the ear drum Auditory Canal – (ear canal), focuses the sound onto the ear drum Tympanic membrane – (ear drum), end of the outer ear, beginning of the middle ear. Sound starts the ear drum vibrating. Tympanic membrane – (ear drum), end of the outer ear, beginning of the middle ear. Sound starts the ear drum vibrating.

Middle Ear Tympanic membrane vibrates Tympanic membrane vibrates Causing the 3 smallest bones in to vibrate, one after the next Causing the 3 smallest bones in to vibrate, one after the next Malleus (hammer) is touching the ear drum & vibrates first Malleus (hammer) is touching the ear drum & vibrates first Next is the Incus (anvil) Next is the Incus (anvil) Last is the Stapes Last is the Stapes Eustachian Tube: tube that connects the middle ear w/ the pharynx. This allows the pressure on both sides of the ear drum to equalize. Eustachian Tube: tube that connects the middle ear w/ the pharynx. This allows the pressure on both sides of the ear drum to equalize.

Inner Ear The Stirup vibrates the oval window of the cochlea. Cochlea is a long fluid filled tube, folded in half and the coiled up like a snail shell. The entire inner surface is lined w/ cillia. Attached to the cillia is a nerve fiber. Once cillia are vibrated, the attached nerves are stimulated & send signal to the brain. nerves are stimulated & send signal to the brain. Balance is achieved by the semicircular canals. 3 canals in 3 different planes are able to determine body position in space

Sound wave lab Find your range of hearing. Set the sound wave box up and measure the lowest frequency you can hear and the highest frequency. Find your range of hearing. Set the sound wave box up and measure the lowest frequency you can hear and the highest frequency. Test your hearing sensitivity. Combine with another group and play two different frequencies and try to have one volunteer tell which is higher. Repeat this for 4 different trials. Test your hearing sensitivity. Combine with another group and play two different frequencies and try to have one volunteer tell which is higher. Repeat this for 4 different trials. Beat interference: Set box to 440 Hz and listen to sound, change from sound to beats and slowly turn dial down to 430 and record what happens (only one speaker is changing its frequency) Beat interference: Set box to 440 Hz and listen to sound, change from sound to beats and slowly turn dial down to 430 and record what happens (only one speaker is changing its frequency) Resonance: Tap the tuning fork and listen to the sound it produces. Use the sound generator to determine the resonance of the tuning fork, record. Repeat for all 9 tuning forks. Resonance: Tap the tuning fork and listen to the sound it produces. Use the sound generator to determine the resonance of the tuning fork, record. Repeat for all 9 tuning forks.

That’s all Folks … Learn it… Live it… Love it !!!