1. (1.3) (1.8) (1.11) (1.14) Fundamental equations for homogeneous closed system consisting of 1 mole:

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Learning Objectives and Fundamental Questions What is thermodynamics and how are its concepts used in petrology? How can heat and mass flux be predicted.
Advertisements

Fugacity of Non-Ideal Mixtures (SVNA 11.6 and 11.7)
Chapter 4 FUGACITY.
CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM (1)
Solutions Lecture 6. Clapeyron Equation Consider two phases - graphite & diamond–of one component, C. Under what conditions does one change into the other?
For a closed system consists of n moles, eq. (1.14) becomes: (2.1) This equation may be applied to a single-phase fluid in a closed system wherein no.
Advanced Thermodynamics Note 11 Solution Thermodynamics: Applications
Solution thermodynamics theory—Part I
Chapter 12 Thermodynamic Property Relations Study Guide in PowerPoint to accompany Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th edition by Yunus.
(Q and/or W) A closed system is one that does not exchange matter with its surroundings, although it may exchange energy. dn i = 0(i = 1, 2, …..)(1.1)
Properties of Reservoir Fluids Fugacity and Equilibrium Fall 2010 Shahab Gerami 1.
SIMPLE MIXTURES THERMODYNAMIC DESCRIPTION OF MIXTURES ARYO ABYOGA A ( ) GERALD MAYO L ( ) LEONARD AGUSTINUS J ( )
Chapter 16 Chemical and Phase Equilibrium Study Guide in PowerPoint to accompany Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Yunus.
Chapter 16: Chemical Equilibrium- General Concepts WHAT IS EQUILIBRIUM?
Advanced Thermodynamics Note 5 Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids
QUIZ 2 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between 0.18 and 0.9 MPa.
Chapter 14: Phase Equilibria Applications
Solution thermodynamics theory—Part IV
Pure Component VLE in Terms of Fugacity
Now we introduce a new concept: fugacity
Solution Thermodynamic:
* Reading Assignments:
Dicky Dermawan ITK-234 Termodinamika Teknik Kimia II Nonideal Behavior Dicky Dermawan
Calculating Entropy Change
Chemical Thermodynamics II Phase Equilibria
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS
The Thermodynamic Potentials Four Fundamental Thermodynamic Potentials dU = TdS - pdV dH = TdS + Vdp dG = Vdp - SdT dA = -pdV - SdT The appropriate thermodynamic.
Fugacity, Ideal Solutions, Activity, Activity Coefficient
PTT 201/4 THERMODYNAMICS SEM 1 (2013/2014) 1. 2 Objectives Develop the equilibrium criterion for reacting systems based on the second law of thermodynamics.
1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics (II). 2 The Fundamental Equation We have shown that: dU = dq + dw plus dw rev = -pdV and dq rev = TdS We may write:
(12) The expression of K in terms of fugacity coefficient is: The standard state for a gas is the ideal-gas state of the pure gas at the standard-state.
Partial Molar Quantities and the Chemical Potential Lecture 6.
Thermodynamics Properties of Fluids
ERT 206/4 THERMODYNAMICS SEM 1 (2012/2013) Dr. Hayder Kh. Q. Ali 1.
32.1 Pressure Dependence of Gibbs’ Free Energy Methods of evaluating the pressure dependence of the Gibbs’ free energy can be developed by beginning with.
Solution thermodynamics theory—Part I
6. Coping with Non-Ideality SVNA 10.3
Lecture 6. NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTONS. NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS – single phase homogeneous mixture of two or more components NONELECTROLYTES –
Chapter 8: The Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Mixtures
Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time. On the molecular level, there.
Chemical-Reaction Equilibra ERT 206: Thermodynamics Miss Anis Atikah Ahmad Tel: anis
CHEE 311J.S. Parent1 4. Chemical Potential in Mixtures When we add dn moles of a component to n moles of itself, we will observe (?) a change in Gibbs.
Entropy Rate Balance for Closed Systems
Chemical Equilibrium By Doba Jackson, Ph.D.. Outline of Chpt 5 Gibbs Energy and Helmholtz Energy Gibbs energy of a reaction mixture (Chemical Potential)
Peter Atkins • Julio de Paula Atkins’ Physical Chemistry
Solution thermodynamics theory—Part IV
ACTIVITY AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT
Chapter 14 Part III- Equilibrium and Stability. A system with n components and m phases Initially in a non-equilibrium state (mass transfer and chemical.
Chapter 12 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS
Basic Thermodynamics Chapter 2. We’ve been here before  The material in this chapter is a brief review of concepts covered in your Introductory Engineering.
Introduction to phase equilibrium
Solution thermodynamics theory
8. Solute (1) / Solvent (2) Systems 12.7 SVNA
Thermodynamics Chemical-reaction Equilibria
Chapter 7: Equilibrium and Stability in One-Component Systems
SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS:
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998 Thermodynamics Çengel Boles Third Edition 15 CHAPTER Chemical and Phase Equilibrium.
Classical Thermodynamics of Solutions
G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics-2 Code – Topic:-Fugacity and Fugacity coefficient for pure.
Solution thermodynamics theory—Part III
Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics-II 1.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ERT 108 Semester II 2011/2012
Solution thermodynamics theory—Part IV
SUBJECT:-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 2 TOPIC:- DISCUSS GIBSS DUHEM EQUATION. - CALCULATION OF PARTIAL PROPERTIES FROM.
Solution of Thermodynamics: Theory and applications
Fundamental Property Relation,The Chemical
Faulty of engineering, technology & research
Don’t be in a such a hurry to condemn a person because he doesn’t do what you do, or think as you think. There was a time when you didn’t know what you.
Partial Molar Variables, Chemical Potential, Fugacities, Activities, and Standard States Partial molar thermodynamic variables with respect to species.
Presentation transcript:

1

(1.3) (1.8) (1.11) (1.14) Fundamental equations for homogeneous closed system consisting of 1 mole:

Fundamental equations for homogeneous closed system consisting of n moles: (3.1) (3.2) (3.3) (3.4)

For a single-phase fluid in a closed system wherein no chemical reactions occur, the composition is necessarily constant, and therefore: (3.5) (3.6)

HOMOGENEOUS OPEN SYSTEM An open system can exchange matter as well as energy with its surroundings. For a closed homogeneous system, we consider G to be a function only of T and P: G = g(T, P) (3.7) In an open system, there are additional independent variables, i.e., the mole numbers of the various components present. nG = g(T, P, n 1, n 2,....., n m ) (3.8) where m is the number of components.

The total differential of eq. (3.8) is (3.9) Where subscript n i refers to all mole numbers and subscript n j to all mole numbers other than the i th. Chemical potential is defined as: (3.10)

For a three-component system:

We may rewrite eq. (3.9) as (3.11) For a system comprising of 1 mole, n = 1 and n i = x i (3.12) Eqs. (3.11) and (3.12) are the fundamental equations for an open system corresponding to eq. (3.1) for a closed system.

Using similar derivations, we can get the following relations: (3.13) (3.14) (3.13) It follows that: (3.16)

For a closed system undergoing a reversible process, the criterion for equilibrium is defined in: Within this closed system, each phase is an open system which is free to transfer mass to each other. Eq. (3.11) may be written for each phase: (3.18) (3.19) (3.17)

Total change of internal energy is the sum of internal energy of each phase in the system: (3.20)

The individual variation d(nS) (1), d(nS) (2), etc. are subject to the constraints of constant total entropy, constant total volume, and constant total moles of each species. These may be written as: (3.21) (3.22) (3.23)

Equations (3.21 – 3.23) can be written as (3.24) (3.25) (3.26)

Eq. (3.20) for a two-phase 3-component system gives: (3.27)

Substituting eqs. (3.24 – 3.26) into eq. (3.27) (3.28)

All variations d(nS) (2), d(nV) (2), dn 1 (2), dn 2 (2), etc., are truly independent. Therefore, at equilibrium in the closed system where d(nU) = 0, it follows that

(3.29) (3.30) (3.31) (3.32) (3.33) Thus, at equilibrium

(3.34)

The definition of a partial molar property, Eq. (3.34), provides the means for calculation of partial properties from solution-property data. Solution properties can be calculated from knowledge of the partial properties. The derivation of this equation starts with the observation that the thermodynamic properties of a homogeneous phase are functions of T, P, and the numbers of moles of the individual species which comprise the phase.

Thus for thermodynamic property M: The total differential of nM is (3.35) (3.36)

Because the first two partial derivatives on the right are evaluated at constant n and because the partial derivative of the last term is given by Eq. (3.34), this equation has the simpler form: (3.37)

Since n i = x i n it follows that: When dn i is replaced by this expression, and d(nM) is replaced by the identity: Equation (3.37) becomes:

The terms containing n are collected and separated from those containing dn to yield: In application, one is free to choose a system of any size (n), and to choose any variation in its size (dn). Thus n and dn are independent and arbitrary. The only way that the left side of this equation can be zero is for each term in brackets to be zero. (3.38)

Therefore: (3.39) (3.40) Eq. (3.34) is an important relations (summability relation) for partial molar properties are.

Since Eq. (3.40) is a general expression for M, differentiation yields a general expression for dM: (3.41) Combining eqs. (3.39) and (3.41) yields Gibbs-Duhem equation : (3.42) For the important special case of changes at constant T and P, it simplifies to: (3.43)

(B) (A) Eq. (3.40) for a binary solution: whence When M is known as a function of xl at constant T and P, the appropriate form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation is Eq. (3.43), expressed here as: (C)

Since x 1 + x 2 = 1, it follows that dx 1 = – dx 2. Eliminating dx 2 in favor of dx 1 in Eq. (B) and combining the result with Eq. (C) gives: (D) or:

Elimination of Eq. (A) yields: (3.44)

Elimination of Eq. (A) yields: (3.45) Thus for binary systems, the partial properties are readily calculated directly from an expression for the solution property as a function of composition at constant T and P.

Example 3.1 Describe a graphical interpretation of eqs. (3.44) and(3.45). Solution

Values of dM/dx 1 are given by the slope of tangent lines. One such tangent line is shown. at x 1 = 1  intercept = I 1 at x 1 = 0  intercept = I 2 As is evident from the figure that two equivalent expressions can be written for the slope: and The first eq. is solved for I 2 ; it combines with the second to give I 1 : and

Comparison of these expressions with eqs. (3.44) and (3.55) shows that: The tangent intercepts give directly the values of two partial properties. at x 1 = 0  and at x 1 = 1  and and

3.2

SOLUTION 3.2 Molar volume of the solution is Since the required volume is V t = 2000 cm 3, the total number of moles required is: Of this, 30% is methanol and 70% is water, n1 = moln2 = mol

The volume of each species is:

(3.46) (3.47)

(3.48)

GIBB’S THEOREM (3.49)

(3.50) (3.51) (3.40):

Equation (1.30) of Chapter 1: (1.30) For ideal gas: (3.52)

For a constant T process (constant T) According to eq. (3.49):

whence By the summability relation, eq. (3.49): Or: (3.53)

This equation is rearranged as the left side is the entropy change of mixing for ideal gases. Since 1/yi >1, this quantity is always positive, in agree- ment with the second law. The mixing process is inherently irreversible, and for ideal gases mixing at constant T and P is not accompanied by heat transfer. (3.54)

Gibbs energy for an ideal gas mixture: Partial Gibbs energy : In combination with eqs. (3.50) and (3.54) this becomes or: (3.55)

An alternative expression for the chemical potential can be derived from eq. (1.14): At constant temperature: (1.14) (constant T) Integration gives: (3.56) Combining eqs. (3.55) and (3.56) results in: (3.57)

The origin of the fugacity concept resides in eq. (3.56), valid only for pure species i in the ideal-gas state. For a real fluid, we write an analogous equation: (3.58) where f i is fugacity of pure species i. Subtraction of eq. (3.56) from Eq. (3.58), both written for the same T and P, gives: (3.59)

Combining eqs. (3.53) with (3.59) gives: The dimensionless ratio f i /P is another new property, the fugacity coefficient, given the symbol  i : (3.60) (3.61) Equation (3.50) can be written as (3.62) The definition of fugacity is completed by setting the ideal-gas-state fugacity of pure species i equal to its pressure: (3.63)

Equation (1.50): (constant T)(1.50) Combining eqs. (3.62) and (1.50) results in: (constant T)(3.63) Fugacity coefficients (and therefore fugacities) for pure gases are evaluated by this equation from PVT data or from a volume-explicit equation of state.

An example of volume-explicit equation of state is the 2- term virial equation: (constant T) Because the second virial coefficient B i is a function of temperature only for a pure species, (constant T)(3.64)

FUGACITY COEFFICIENT DERIVED FROM PRESSURE-EXPLICIT EQUATION OF STATE Use equation (1.62): Combining eqs. (3.63) and (50) gives: (3.65)

Tugas II: Soal no. 3.38(a)dari buku Smith dkk (menghitung koefisien fugasitas fase uap dan cair)

VAPOR/LIQUID EQULIBRIUM FOR PURE SPECIES Eq. (3.58) for species i as a saturated vapor: (3.66) For saturated liquid: (3.67) By difference:

Phase transition from vapor to liquid phase occurs at constant T dan P (P i sat ). According to eq. (4): d(nG) = 0 Since the number of moles n is constant, dG = 0, therefore : Therefore: (3.68) (3.69) For a pure species, coexisting liquid and vapor phases are in equilibrium when they have the same temperature, pressure, and fugacity

An alternative formulation is based on the corresponding fugacity coefficients whence: (3.70) (3.71)

FUGACITY OF PURE LIQUID The fugacity of pure species i as a compressed liquid is calculated in two steps: 1.The fugacity coefficient of saturated vapor is determined from Eq. (3.65), evaluated at P = P i sat and V i = V i sat. The fugacity is calculated using eq. (3.61). (3.65) (3.61)

2.the calculation of the fugacity change resulting from the pressure increase, P i sat to P, that changes the state from saturated liquid to compressed liquid. An isothermal change of pressure, eq. (1.49) is integrated to give: (3.72) According to eq. (46): ( – ) (3.73)

Eq. (3.72) = Eq. (3.73): Since V i, the liquid-phase molar volume, is a very weak function of P at T << T c, an excellent approximation is often obtained when V i is assumed constant at the value for saturated liquid, V i L : (3.74)

Remembering that: The fugacity of a pure liquid is: (3.75)