REEF BALLS: Designing A Reef To Achieve Specific Goals Copyright, 2000 © Reef Ball Development Group, Ltd. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROLE OF DIVERS IN PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT KUWAIT, MAY, 2000

Preface   Case Studies u u Internal Research u u Reef Ball Experiences Not a Scientific Paper or Study

Introduction uMost Widely Used Design, Worldwide -Over 100,000 Reef Balls Deployed -Over 1,000 Projects uNearby (Arabic) Projects -Qatar -Oman -United Arab Emirates (2)

Introduction u Designed Materials require Goals Designed Vs. Material of Opportunity Vs. Vs.

Introduction u Goals of the Project - Suggest Design Features - Impact Construction & - Suggest Design Features - Impact Construction & Deployment - Impact Monitoring Deployment - Impact Monitoring

Divers Are Integral to Reef Balls

Reef Ball Features u Stability u Holes & Voids u Bottom Surfaces u Variable Sizes u Variable Densities u Other Configurable Factors

Reef Ball Features u Stability Reef Balls Are designed with 80% of the weight in the bottom 20% of height. The top hole breaks up lifting forces. Holes allow energy in and direct it upward. Reef Balls Are designed with 80% of the weight in the bottom 20% of height. The top hole breaks up lifting forces. Holes allow energy in and direct it upward. Types of Stability 1) Physical Destruction 2) Chemical Destruction 3) Movement by Storm 4) Loss of Orientation 5) Subsidence

Reef Ball Features u Holes & Voids Shaped To Create Whirlpools

Reef Ball Features u Surfaces Rough Textures Increase Surface Area Dramatically

Reef Ball Features u Bottom Surfaces High Biological Activity

Reef Ball Features u Variable Sizes

Reef Ball Features u Variable Densities

Reef Ball Features Reef Ball Features u Other Configurable Factors

Goals of Projects  300+ Reasons  300+ Reasons to Build Reefs to Build Reefs  “Default Goal” Mimic Natural Reefs u Use Our Experiences as a Starting Point to Refine Goals into Design Features

Goals of Projects  300+ Reasons to Build Reefs Most Common Goals -Scuba Diving-Fishing (Recreational) -Restore Habitat-Mitigation -Publicity -Economic Development -Fishery Nurseries-Pollution control -Beach Protection-Research -Create Habitat-Aquaculture -Fishing (Commercial) -Tourism -Education-Waste Disposal -Create Habitat-Aquaculture -Fishing (Commercial) -Tourism -Education-Waste Disposal

Goals of Projects  “Default Goal” Mimic Natural Reefs Until science provides answers, the only safe intervention is to imitate natural reefs.

Goals of Projects Goals of Projects Our Experience Helps Translate Helps Translate Goals Into Designs

Customizing the Reef Customizing the Reef u Site Selection u Reef Ball Sizes & Quantities u Layout on Sea Floor u Specific Design Features

Customizing the Reef Customizing the Reef u Site Selection -Nominate…your suspicions -Eliminate…the troublesome -Validate…by bottom survey -Correlate…to project goals

Customizing the Reef Customizing the Reef u Reef Ball Sizes & Quantities -Ultra Ball -Reef Ball -Pallet Ball -Bay Ball -Mini-Bay Ball -Lo-Pro Ball -Oyster Ball -Model Ball

Customizing the Reef Customizing the Reef u Reef Ball Sizes & Quantities Ultra BallUS$ 325 Ultra BallUS$ 325 Reef Ball US$ 300 Pallet BallUS$ 180 Reef Ball US$ 300 Pallet BallUS$ 180 Bay BallUS$ 80 Bay BallUS$ 80 Lo-Pro Ball US$ 65 Lo-Pro Ball US$ 65 Oyster Ball US$ 45 Oyster Ball US$ 45 Model BallUS$ 20 (Average US Retail Price, delivered) Model BallUS$ 20 (Average US Retail Price, delivered)

Customizing the Reef Customizing the Reef u Layout on Sea Floor Clustering Offers Additional Habitat Voids

Customizing the Reef Customizing the Reef u Specific Design Features DON’TS (Do not add these to Reef Balls) -No Toxins, Pollutants, Oils, Etc. -No Biologically Active Components -No Components that Disassociate (Research may require exceptions)

Customizing the Reef Customizing the Reef u Specific Design Feature DO’S (Whatever is added, make sure that these are preserved in Reef Balls) -Stable -Long Lived Material -Complex with Voids -Inert -Mimics Natural Reef -Looks Natural (Bonus) -Looks Natural (Bonus)

Building and Installing Reefs u Construction -In House -Hiring Contractor u Deployment -Floating -Barge or Vessel

Building and Installing Reefs u Construction -In House -Hiring Contractor

Building and Installing Reefs u Deployment -Floating -Barge or Vessel

Building and Installing Reefs u Deployment -Floating Greater Species Diversity When Reef is Built Over Time Inexpensive Any Size Boat

Building and Installing Reefs u Deployment -Barge or Vessel Larger Projects Long Distances Rough Seas More Expensive

Monitoring u Monitoring Categories u Monitoring Goals u Developed Protocols

Monitoring -Longevity Monitoring -Chemical Breakdown -Physical Breakdown -Subsidence -Comparison Monitoring -Features -Layout or Groupings -Reef Design -Natural Reef -Effectiveness Against Goals -Quantitative -Qualitative -Economic -Int’l Standards -REEF -RECON - Compliance Monitoring -Regulatory Permits -Grant Requirements -Biological Monitoring -Species Diversity -Species Densities -Fish Censuses -Fouling Community Censuses -Sand Bio-sampling -Stability Monitoring -Any of the five stability types

Scuba Divers & Reef Balls u Scuba Diving is integral to Reef Balls u Scuba Divers know the need for Reefs

Scuba Divers & Reef Balls u Planning u Building u Deploying u Monitoring

Reef Ball Video Understanding How We Work and Who To Contact

Questions & Answers