Pre-cruise meeting “Great Belt”-II cruise; R/V Revelle Part I Barney Balch and Ben Twining Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, W. Boothbay Harbor, ME Nick Bates Bermuda Inst. of Ocean Sciences, Bermuda Phoebe Lam Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA

The science… What is the “Great Belt” Science goals Personnel

The “Great Belt” refers to a region of enhanced abundance of coccolithophores in the Southern Ocean. The belt covers 88 million km2…26% of the global ocean. Few systematic observations have been made there of the calcifying phytoplankton, coccolithophores and their impact on ocean biogeochemistry, optics, ecology. It could have significant consequences for the speed of the global biological pump and global carbon budget

Originally we proposed 3 cruises…NSF funded 2

Science Goals Define which coccolithophore species make up this belt and whether the same groups appear over all sectors of the Southern Ocean. Measure the abundance of coccolithophores and their associated PIC in the belt. Measure the calcification rates in the Great Belt and define the fraction of the total global calcification contributed by the Great Belt. Elucidate factors that may limit the latitudinal range of the Great Belt in this HNLC region (e.g. stratification, temperature, macronutrients, trace metals, grazing, dissolution) Demonstrate whether the variability in PIC relates to shallow export flux. Define how variability in PIC production relates to the pCO2, TA and DIC in the same region. Examine the impact of acidification (by controlled pCO2 bubbling) on coccolithophore growth and calcite dissolution. Determine if there is a positive or negative (or both, operating on different timescales!) coccolithophore-CO2 feedback operating in the Great Belt.

Personnel Currently have 21 science party Cruise plans….

Cruise Track-5808 nm (10,756 km)

Time break down Science time = 34d; subtract a day for weather = 33d 1d steam to first station; finish all sampling 1.5d out of Fremantle. Total of 30.5d of sampling 22d steaming total (11 kts) for 5808 nautical miles total distance 11d station time total (or ~8h/d) 120 stations total (gives ~90km resolution) (60 with water casts- gives ~180km resolution)

Operations- based on GB- I work –69 CTD/Niskin casts (12 x 30L bottles) –59 CTD/no water casts –17 Trace metal casts (15 w/5L bottles, 2 w/30L bottles –234Th water drawn every other day 15 water cast stations only –Most casts <500m but a few deep casts planned over trip (to 5000m) –15 deployments of McLane pumps to 1000m (Lam; ~4 hrs/cast)

Operations- based on GB- I work –69 CTD/Niskin casts (12 x 30L bottles) –59 CTD/no water casts –17 Trace metal casts (20 w/5L bottles, 7 w/30L bottles –234Th water drawn every other day 15 water cast stations only –Most casts <500m but a few deep casts planned over trip (to 5000m) –15 deployments of McLane pumps (Lam; ~4 hrs/cast)

Deck operations/sample collection/deck experiments** **Based on GB-I cruise aboard Melville 1101

Measurements to be made (Balch group) 14 C Photosynthesis and calcification (same technique used on Revelle for multiple cruises; Equatorial Pacific ’04, ’05, Patagonian Shelf ‘08 CTD Rosette Water sampling for particulate analyses (30L bottles) Microscopy (on ship and ashore) Deck incubator experiments with bubbled air/CO 2 mix Hydrological optics (lab flow through measurements, bow mounted radiometry, in-water profiles)- NASA supported OCP optical profiler deployed off stern

Measurements to be made (Twining group) Dissolved Fe, Zn and Co at 9 depths in upper 1000 m (5-L Niskin-X bottles on ¼” Aracom mini-line) –2000m of line needs to be spooled on to non-metal or wrapped winch on Revelle To be used by Lam on this cruise –Clean van, dedicated van or bubble Trace metal incubation experiments (n=4) –30-L GoFLO bottle deployed to collect mixed layer water –12 2-L polycarbonate bottles (triplicate of 4 treatments) –Incubate on deck for 96 hours (sample at 48 and 96h) Single-cell metal quotas of coccolithophores –Cells collected from Niskin-X bottles and centrifuged onto grids –Perform microscopy at sea (dark room on Revelle?) Radioisotope incubation experiments (n=3) –30-L GoFLO bottle deployed to collect mixed layer water –4 10-L polycarbonate bottles incubated on deck for 24 h –18 1-L polycarbonate bottles incubated on deck for 24 h

Measurements to be made (Lam group) Total 234Th activity in water column (4L from CTD) to get shallow POC, PIC export Size fractionated (1-51um, >51um) particulate 234Th and POC (and opal?) from in-situ pumps (PIC from Balch?) Size fractionated particulate trace metals (including pFe, pMn, pCo, pCd, pZn) Particulate Fe incubations- to be conducted in the Revelle controlled temperature room by Lam--need to know whether we need to bring our own shelving (Matt Durham said there were unistruts); Lam assumes that she will bring her own light banks

Measurements to be made (Bates group) Inorganic carbon parameters –dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), and underway partial pressure of CO2, pCO2 at all CTD/hydrocast stations and for all experiments. –VINDTA (Versatile Instrument for Detection of TA) for both TA and DIC Surface and Atmospheric pCO2 –Flow-through "SAMI" pCO2 sensor

Other investigators and activities… UK NOC/MBA group- Molecular work on coccolithophores (Hopkins/Balestrini/ Brownlee?) Alex Poulton/Helen Smith Sinking particle sampler “Plankton catcher” Michael Brown (Dalhousie) Will be working with in-water radiance data from Balch group Rebecca Fowler (Bigelow)- teacher at sea; would like to schedule Skypes with classrooms twice per week; Are other video facilities available on Revelle