Intro to Miss Gayol’s AP Lang!

What do we do in AP Lang? What is the author trying to say? (purpose, objective) What is the author trying to say? (purpose, objective) How does the author reach that objective? (writing/rhetorical strategies or techniques) How does the author reach that objective? (writing/rhetorical strategies or techniques) Are those writing techniques effective? Are those writing techniques effective?

Another objective You learn to write by reading. Another goal is to emulate the writing techniques of effective writers. Therefore, we will read an obscene amount of excellent writing. You learn to write by reading. Another goal is to emulate the writing techniques of effective writers. Therefore, we will read an obscene amount of excellent writing.

AP essays 3 different types of essays on the exam 3 different types of essays on the exam 1. Synthesis 2. Rhetorical analysis 3. Argumentative/position/open-ended

AP synthesis essay Directions: The following prompt is based on the accompanying six sources. Directions: The following prompt is based on the accompanying six sources. This question requires you to integrate a variety of sources into a coherent, well-written This question requires you to integrate a variety of sources into a coherent, well-written essay. Refer to the sources to support your position; avoid mere paraphrase or summary. essay. Refer to the sources to support your position; avoid mere paraphrase or summary. Your argument should be central; the sources should support this argument. Your argument should be central; the sources should support this argument. Remember to attribute both direct and indirect citations. Remember to attribute both direct and indirect citations. Introduction Introduction Television has been influential in United States presidential elections since the 1960’s. Television has been influential in United States presidential elections since the 1960’s. But just what is this influence, and how has it affected who is elected? Has it made But just what is this influence, and how has it affected who is elected? Has it made elections fairer and more accessible, or has it moved candidates from pursuing issues to elections fairer and more accessible, or has it moved candidates from pursuing issues to pursuing image? pursuing image? Assignment Assignment Read the following sources (including any introductory information) carefully. Then, in Read the following sources (including any introductory information) carefully. Then, in an essay that synthesizes at least three of the sources for support, take a position an essay that synthesizes at least three of the sources for support, take a position that defends, challenges, or qualifies the claim that television has had a positive that defends, challenges, or qualifies the claim that television has had a positive impact on presidential elections. impact on presidential elections. Refer to the sources as Source A, Source B, etc.; titles are included for your convenience. Refer to the sources as Source A, Source B, etc.; titles are included for your convenience. Source A (Campbell) Source A (Campbell) Source B (Hart and Triece) Source B (Hart and Triece) Source C (Menand) Source C (Menand) Source D (Chart) Source D (Chart) Source E (Ranney) Source E (Ranney) Source F (Koppel) Source F (Koppel)

AP rhetorical analysis essay The passages below are from two different novels. In each passage, a man is proposing marriage. Compare the rhetorical strategies—such as arguments, assumptions, attitudes, diction—used by the speakers in the two passages and comment on both the intended and the probable effects of the proposals on the women being addressed.

AP Argumentative/position/open-ended The lines above are from a speech by King Lear. Write a carefully reasoned essay in which you briefly paraphrase Lear’s statement and then defend, challenge, or qualify his view of the relationship between wealth and justice. Support your argument with specific references to your reading, observation, or experience.

What are AP readers looking for? (taken from real AP readers) Self-reflective, self-aware Self-reflective, self-aware Notice complexity Notice complexity Provide explanations of details, examples, and content Provide explanations of details, examples, and content Can represent multiple viewpoints Can represent multiple viewpoints Sees writing as an ongoing conversation Sees writing as an ongoing conversation

What are AP readers looking for? (taken from real AP readers) Approach texts with uncertainty and embrace it Approach texts with uncertainty and embrace it Withhold judgment until text is read Withhold judgment until text is read Consider each text with an open-mind Consider each text with an open-mind Appreciate texts singly at first, then together Appreciate texts singly at first, then together

What are AP readers looking for? (taken from real AP readers) Not just content, but form and content Not just content, but form and content Approach research as a conversation Approach research as a conversation Do not view essay prompt as a linear task Do not view essay prompt as a linear task Healthy skepticism is important Healthy skepticism is important Prioritize text considerations (synthesis) Prioritize text considerations (synthesis)

Writing The art of writing is more organized than you might think. The art of writing is more organized than you might think. Various rhetorical modes : Various rhetorical modes : 1. Argumentation and persuasion 2. Cause and effect 3. Classification and division 4. Comparison and contrast 5. Definition 6. Description 7. Exemplification 8. Narrative 9. Process

Writing How do you know which mode to use? How do you know which mode to use? How do you know why an author chose a particular mode in which to write? How do you know why an author chose a particular mode in which to write? Depends on your purpose; ask yourself, “what is the most effective way to present what I want to say?” Depends on your purpose; ask yourself, “what is the most effective way to present what I want to say?”

Reading: Specific strategies Annotating Annotating Previewing Previewing Outlining Outlining Summarizing Summarizing Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Synthesizing Synthesizing Questioning to understand and remember Questioning to understand and remember Contextualizing Contextualizing Reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values Reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values Exploring the significance of figurative language Exploring the significance of figurative language Looking for patterns of opposition Looking for patterns of opposition Evaluating the logic Evaluating the logic Recognizing the logical fallacies Recognizing the logical fallacies Recognizing the emotional manipulation Recognizing the emotional manipulation Judging the writer’s credibility Judging the writer’s credibility Comparing and contrasting related readings Comparing and contrasting related readings

Beginning study of rhetoric Rhetoric: using language effectively and persuasively Rhetoric: using language effectively and persuasively **Pgs 4,5,6 in Everyday Use

AP Lang Journal: 8/26/2015 “Words - so innocent and powerless as they are, as standing in a dictionary, how potent for good and evil they become in the hands of one who knows how to combine them.” ~Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal prompt: For you, how can you use words to become potent for good and evil?

Taken from: Rhetorical context

Audience What does your audience already know about the subject? What does your audience already know about the subject? What prejudices will they have? What prejudices will they have? What will they expect? What will they expect? What should they learn? What should they learn?

Writer or Speaker How will you show your credibility? How will you show your credibility? How will you show your expertise? How will you show your expertise? What is your goal or purpose? What is your goal or purpose? How can you make an impression? How can you make an impression?

Purpose Do you want to persuade? Do you want to persuade? Explain? Explain? Narrate? Narrate? Describe? Describe? Inform? Inform? Express yourself? Express yourself?

Ethos writers appeal to a reader’s sense of ethos (notice wording) writers appeal to a reader’s sense of ethos (notice wording) Sense of character Sense of character Is the writer credible or trustworthy? Is the writer credible or trustworthy? May emphasize shared values between audience and writer May emphasize shared values between audience and writer May involve writer’s reputation May involve writer’s reputation May make a good impression May make a good impression Expertise, knowledge, experience, training, sincerity, or a combination Expertise, knowledge, experience, training, sincerity, or a combination

Logos Writers appeal to a reader’s sense of logos (notice wording) Writers appeal to a reader’s sense of logos (notice wording) Offer clear, rational ideas Offer clear, rational ideas logic logic Have main ideas, specific details, facts, data, or testimonies Have main ideas, specific details, facts, data, or testimonies Appealing to logos also means offering counterarguments Appealing to logos also means offering counterarguments Concede that there are other viewpoints Concede that there are other viewpoints Refute those other viewpoints Refute those other viewpoints

Pathos Writers appeal to a reader’s sense of pathos (notice wording) Writers appeal to a reader’s sense of pathos (notice wording) Using emotions can be effective for your audience Using emotions can be effective for your audience Using correct words, understanding implied word meaning: connotation Using correct words, understanding implied word meaning: connotation Include concrete, vivid details Include concrete, vivid details Figurative language Figurative language Use of visual images to appeal to emotions Use of visual images to appeal to emotions

Analyzing Visual Texts Using OPTIC Paying attention to the details is a habit that is a necessary part of effective analysis. As you analyze visual texts, including paintings, photographs, advertisements, maps, charts or graphs, the OPTIC strategy can help you construct meaning. OPTIC stands for Overview, Parts, Title, Interrelationship, and Conclusion. As you examine a visual text, respond to each element: Paying attention to the details is a habit that is a necessary part of effective analysis. As you analyze visual texts, including paintings, photographs, advertisements, maps, charts or graphs, the OPTIC strategy can help you construct meaning. OPTIC stands for Overview, Parts, Title, Interrelationship, and Conclusion. As you examine a visual text, respond to each element: O- Write a brief overview of the image: in one complete sentence, what is this image about? O- Write a brief overview of the image: in one complete sentence, what is this image about? P- Key in on all of the parts by noting any details that seem important. This can be anything: color, figures, textures, scenery, groupings, shadings, patterns, numbers, etc. P- Key in on all of the parts by noting any details that seem important. This can be anything: color, figures, textures, scenery, groupings, shadings, patterns, numbers, etc. T- Use the title to clarify the subject of the image. Consider both literal and metaphoric meanings. What does the title suggest? T- Use the title to clarify the subject of the image. Consider both literal and metaphoric meanings. What does the title suggest? I- Specify the interrelationships in the image. In other words, how the parts are related, both to one another and the image as a whole. Consider how the parts come together to create a mood or convey an idea or argument. I- Specify the interrelationships in the image. In other words, how the parts are related, both to one another and the image as a whole. Consider how the parts come together to create a mood or convey an idea or argument. C- Write a conclusion paragraph about the image as a whole: think about what the artist, photographer, creator, or designer might be trying to capture and convey, and what ideas, arguments, or implications this image presents. C- Write a conclusion paragraph about the image as a whole: think about what the artist, photographer, creator, or designer might be trying to capture and convey, and what ideas, arguments, or implications this image presents.