黃美嬡 M th of September 2015

 Knowledge Hierarchy  Types of Knowledge  What is KM  The Evolution of KM  KM Models  Dimensions of KM Implementation  KM Contribution to Schools  Benefits of KM  Disadvantages of KM  Knowledge Using  References

Expertise 專門知識 Knowledge 知 識 Information 信息 Data 數據 Transferred Enriching through experience, training, education Transforming through personal application, values & beliefs Adding meaning, understanding relevance & purpose Source: Bender and Fish (2000) Individualized

Tacit Knowledge ( 隱性知識 )  Knowledge which people carry in their mind, and is, therefore, difficult to access. Explicit Knowledge ( 顯性知識 )  Knowledge which has been or can be articulated, codified, and stored in certain media.

 The collection of processes that govern the creation, dissemination and utilization of knowledge.

 In 70’s - Peter Drucker, Peter Senge, Chaparral Steel.  In 80’s - KM related articles began appearing in journals and books.  In 90’s until now - A number of management consulting firms had begun in-house KM programs, e.g: ADAM’s Model. - The International Knowledge Management Network (IKMN) went online in 1994.

Nonaka / Takeuchi Knowledge Spiral (1995) ADAM’s Model (2000 – 01) The Choo Sense-making Knowledge Management Model (1998) WIIG Knowledge Management Model

Dialog Socialization Externalization 社會化 外化 Internalization Combination 內化 組合 Learning by performing current activities

Knowledge Management Acquisition 收獲 Development 發展 Access 存取 Management 管理 Libraries play/potential to play a vital role Libraries’ Role and Tools for KM

Shared meanings New Knowledge New Capabilities Stream of experience Sense Making 意義建構 Knowledge Creating External information & knowledge Next knowing cycle Decision Making

Level 級別 Type 類型 Description 1 Novice 初學者 Low consciousness about knowledge and the way it can be used 2 Beginner 學徒 Knows about knowledge existence and where it can be obtained, but doesn’t know the way it can be used 3 Competent 勝任 Knows, but possibility of using knowledge is limited 4 Expert 專家 Keeps the knowledge in mind, understands where can be applied, works with knowledge without extern intervention 5 Master 師傅 Completely internalization of knowledge, a master has profound understanding about the events in his environment

 It supports teachers to collect information  Teachers can reflect on and review feedback from others  KM helps to capture and retain experienced teacher’s knowledge in the school and strengthen the novice teacher’s knowledge  KM strengthen the knowledge-sharing culture  KM supports innovative teaching and effective learning

Tacit Tacit Knowledge Knowledge Tacit Knowledge Knowledge originates and The school /teachers internalize Knowledge develop in teachers knowledge as common practice Explicit Teachers share The school/other teachers Explicit Knowledge explicit knowledge teachers embed knowledge Knowledge in structural capitalExplicit Knowledge Knowledge Socialize ExternalizeInternalize Combine

Steps in a Lesson Study Socialization Different teaching cycles *** Internalization Select a topic for study Confirm the object of learning & its critical aspects Diagnose students’ learning difficulties (pre-test, interviews) Identify a tentative object of learning Combination Another cycle of the study Externalization Disseminate & report the results Plan the research lesson Evaluate the overall impact of the study Evaluate the learning outcomes (post- test, interviews Implement & observe the lesson ******

 KM is valuable for organizations that need more efficient ways to manage large amounts of data  KM helps companies organize data so it can be utilized more efficiently  Corporations use KM to promote the exchange of ideas

 Most organizations fail to share the proper knowledge with employees and managers, and it in turn costs the company  The lack of company strategy to fully utilize the information that it collects  KM systems are complex and hard to understand for average worker, and training workers to use knowledge management systems is costly

 Knowledge can be used for determining organization’s work process and making strategies for sustainable competitive advantage  Knowledge can be used for designing and marketing product  Knowledge plays a critical role of organization’s services quality

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