Isfahan University of Technology Advance Physiology (part 4) By: A. Riasi (PhD in Animal Nutrition & Physiology)
Muscle physiology Three muscle types are structurally and functionally distinct. The muscle can be classified in two different ways: Striated or unstraited muscles Voluntary or involuntary muscles
Skeletal Muscle
In this section we turn our attention to the following topics: How does cross-bridge interaction between actin and myosin bring about muscle contractions? How does a muscle action potential trigger this contractile process? What is the source of Ca++ that physically repositions troponin and tropomyosin to permit cross-bridge binding? Skeletal Muscle
Acetylcholine (ACh) as neuro-transmiter Transverse tubule (T tubule) Action potential reach the central portion of the fiber Skeletal Muscle
Figure 3.25b Skeletal Muscle
Three pathway supply additional ATP as needed during muscle contraction: 1.Transfer from a high energy phosphate from a phosphagen (creatine phosphate and arginine phospahte) to ADP. 2.Oxidative phosphorylation (the citric acid cycle and electron transport system) 3.Glycolysis Skeletal Muscle
The phosphagens contain a high-energy phosphate group. Energy and phosphate from ATP can be transferred to creatine or arginine to form the phosphate. Creatine phosphate + ADP Creatine + ATP Skeletal Muscle
There are cardiovascular limits to the amount of O2 that can be delivered to muscle. In this situation the muscle fibers rely increasingly on glycolysis. It has two advantages: 1- Glycolysis can form ATP in absence of O2 2- It can proceed much more rapidly than oxidative phosphorylation because fewer steps. Skeletal Muscle
There is a disadvantage of the low efficiency of glycolysis ( 2 ATP vs 36 ATP in oxidative phosphorylation ). The end product of anarobic glycolysis is pyruvic acid that is converted to lactic acid. Lactic acis leads to acidosis and is believed to play a role in the onset of muscle fatigue. Skeletal Muscle
What are the reasons of muscle fatigue? 1.A local increase in inorganic phosphate resulting from the breakdown of phosphagens; 2.Accumulation of lactic acid, which (via release of H+) may inhibit key enzymes in the energy-producing pathways or the excitation contraction coupling process; 3.Depletion of energy reserves. Skeletal Muscle