CHAPTER 7 Presented by Muhammad Yunus GOVERNING AND ADMINISTERING PUBLIC EDUCATION

Four governmental levels of governing and administering education in the U.S. (local, intermediate (in some states), state, and federal) including the public involvement (community participation, community control, community education, and charter schools), and school size POINT OF DISCUSSION

1.Understanding the formal organization of schools in the U.S.  Understanding how the schools are governed  Understanding how the schools are administered 2.Help you to make wise choices and realistic decisions about schools and to take appropriate political action (when you work in the U.S.) THE OBJECTIVES

 The United States does not have a national education system. But, In 2002, Congress approved President Bush’s educational reform initiative, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). NCLB aims to improve low-performing schools and to hold states and local school districts accountable for students meeting high standards, measured by annual performance tests in reading and mathematics.  The United States has fifty states with their different educational systems.  In one state may have different local systems (later we might call it as a district schools).  The local district encompasses a relatively small geographical area and operates school for children within specific communities. BRAINSTORMING

1.SCHOOL BOARDS 2.THE SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENT AND CENTRAL OFFICE STAFF 3.THE PRINCIPAL AND THE SCHOOL 4.PARENT AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT (Actually outside the structure but pays important role) LOCAL LEVEL: THE STRUCTURE

LOCAL EDUCATION: THE STRUCTURE

School Board (the legislative policy- making body) Superintendent (the chief executive officer of the school system/CEO) The Principal (a single administrative officer of a school) 1.Policy, set the general rules about what is done in the schools, 2.Staffing, responsible for hiring all school district employers, including appoint a competent superintendent of schools 3.Employee relations, collective bargaining with teacher unions 4.Fiscal matters, keep the school district solvent and get the most out of every tax dollar 5.Students, address questions of student right and responsibilities, requirements for promotion and graduation, extracurricular activities, and attendance 1.Management of professional and nonteaching personnel (custodians and cafeteria workers) 2.Curriculum and instruction leadership 3.Administrative management, including district organization, budgeting, long range planning, and complying 1.The manager, dealing with day- to-day school operations, meeting, paperwork, phone calls, and everyday tasks 2.Exert leadership in curriculum and instruction LOCAL EDUCATION: LOCAL RESPONSIBILITIES

School BoardParent and Community Involvement It is one of the implementations of school-based management, in which schools implement collaboration among principals and teachers by giving important roles to parents and other community members. Community involvement promotes pays off in higher student test scores, better grades, better attitude toward learning. Community participation, advisory committees (identification of goals, priorities, and needs, selection and evaluation of teachers and principals, development of curricula and extracurricular program, support for financing schools, recruitment of volunteers, assistance to students and homework hotline programs Community Control Charter Schools Community Education 6.Curriculum and assessment, develop curriculum and approve textbook selections. Implement and report on state assessment requirements such as those of the federal No Child Left Behind Act 7.Community relations, respond not only to parents but also to the other members of the community 8.Intergovernmental requirements, monitoring the implementation of the requirements from Federal and state agencies for local schools LOCAL EDUCATION: LOCAL RESPONSIBILITIES

 James Conant argued that the most effective high schools were the ones large enough to offer comprehensive and diversified facilities. More recently, however, other educators have contended that small schools are more effective  Size. Larger schools, especially high schools, permit broader curriculum offerings and specialized faculty.  Services. Larger schools justify hiring counselors, deans of students, assistant principals, team leaders, and specialists not normally found in smaller schools.  Economics. Purchasing decisions (for example, books, paper, and art supplies) yield significant cost savings when ordering in bulk. SIZE OF SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL DISTRICTS

 An office or agency in a middle position between the state department of education and local school district.  It provides coordination and supplementary services to local districts and links local and state educational authorities.  It also provides consulting services and resource personnel in curriculum, instruction, evaluation, in-service training, bilingual education, pre-kindergarten education, vocational education, education of the gifted and talented, children with disabilities, data processing, and technology education. INTERMEDIATE UNITS/ REGIONAL EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AGENCY

 Enacts legislation  Determines state school taxes and financial aid to local school districts  Sets minimum standards for training and recruiting personnel  Provides curriculum guidelines  Makes provisions for accrediting schools  Provides special services such as student transportation and free textbooks The state school code is the collection of laws that establish ways and means of operating schools and conducting education in the state. STATE RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACTIVITIES

 The state Board of Education  The State Department of Education  The Chief State School Officer THE UNITS IN THE STATE LEVEL

 The state board of education is the most influential and important state education agency. With the exception of Wisconsin and Minnesota, all states have some sort of state board of education, which depends on the state legislature for appropriations and authority and serves an advisory function for the legislature.  State departments of education usually operate under the direction of the state board of education and are administered by the chief state school officer  The chief state school officer (sometimes known as the state superintendent or commissioner of education) heads the state department of education and is also the chief executive of the state school board. He or she is usually a professional educator. THE UNITS IN THE STATE LEVEL

There are four important roles: 1.Federal agencies that promote educational policies and program 2.Produce educational decision 3.Finance of education 4.Supreme Court’s decision The Bush administration, however, through No Child Left Behind, exerted more federal influence on local public schools than at any time in the previous thirty years. Accountability pressure at both state and local school levels has superintendents, principals, and teachers scrambling to show increased test scores in reading and math, as well as demonstrating that every child has a “highly qualified teacher.” THE FEDERAL ROLE IN EDUCATION

The U.S. Department of Education is the primary federal educational agency. The U.S. Department of Education responsible for (1) administering grant funds and contracting with state departments of education, school districts, and colleges and universities; (2) engaging in educational innovation and research; and (3) providing leadership, consultative, and clearing-house services related to education. THE FEDERAL ROLE IN EDUCATION

 nonpublic schools are not exempt from governmental influences.  many state education laws apply to private and parochial schools as well as to public institutions—laws pertaining to health standards, building codes, child welfare, student codes, and so forth.  In addition, legislative bodies in many states have passed laws to help private schools and to provide public-funded aid in such areas as student transportation, health services, dual enrollment or shared-time plans, school lunch services, book and supply purchases, student testing services, teacher salary supplements, student tuition, and student loans. NONPUBLIC SCHOOLS

 nonpublic schools now account for slightly more than 10 percent of total enrollments in U.S. elementary and secondary schools.  Private schools typically operate differently from public schools. They usually derive their authority from a board of directors or school committee, which, unlike a public school board, addresses the operation of one particular private school. NONPUBLIC SCHOOLS

1.The governance of education is organized on four governmental levels: local, intermediate (in some states), state, and federal. 2.Schools are organized into school districts; approximately 14,400 public school districts currently operate in the United States. 3.At the local level, the school board, the school superintendent, the central office staff, and school principals all take part in governing and administering the schools. 4.Educators have attempted to increase parent and community involvement in the schools. School-based management programs often include greater roles for parents and community members. Other forms of public involvement include community participation, community control, community education, and charter schools. 5.Educators have long debated the optimum size for schools and school districts. Many believe that increases in size do not necessarily mean increases in efficiency or effectiveness and may result in the opposite. 6.Whereas small and rural school districts have undergone significant consolidation since the 1930s, some large urban districts have followed the contrary trend to decentralize. SUMMING UP

7.More than half of the states have one or more intermediate units that support local school districts and exercise limited regulatory powers. 8.In most states, the legislature is primarily responsible for establishing and maintaining public schools and has broad powers to enact laws pertaining to school education. 9.All states except Wisconsin and Minnesota have state boards of education. The state boards oversee state departments of education headed by the chief state school officer. 10.Overall, the federal role in education has dramatically expanded since the 1930s. Recent decades, however, have witnessed a movement toward reduced federal involvement. 11.Nonpublic schools account for more than 10 percent of total enrollments in U.S. elementary and secondary schools, with Catholic schools comprising almost 46 percent of these enrollments and nonreligious, independent schools 16 percent.

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