The Post War World Part II The Middle East and India

Israel Becomes a State (18.4) Jewish homeland had been elusive A Jewish state was unwelcome in the mostly Arab region; resulted in wars and hostility Palestinians claim that the land is rightfully theirs (AD 135) Starting in 7 th century Jews were scattered about the globe Late 19 th century push for Jewish homeland = Zionism

The Creation of a Jewish Homeland 1947 UN proposal gave Jews 55% of the area All Islamic nations and Palestine votes against the proposal 5/14/1948 Israel was formed The day after it’s formation 6 Arab nations invaded Israel; first of many Arab-Israeli wars ends in victory for Israel Other wars 1956, 1967, 1973

Arab – Israeli Conflicts 1956 – Suez Crisis. Israelis make a deal with the British to retake canal from Egypt, Israel withdraws due pressure from other countries 1967 – Six Day War. Israel gains control of the West bank and Gaza strip with a victory PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organization (1964) – Yasir Arafat (1969) 1973 – Yom Kippur War – Egypt and Anwar Sadat organize an Arab led attack on Israel

IRAN (17.4) Persia before 1935 “Westernized” after WWII Traditional Islamic values and modern “Western” views clashed in the 1970s Starting in 1950s Shah ruled Iran and was supported by US Shah was opposed by Ayatollahs, traditional Muslim leaders 1978 Iranians rioted and the Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile to lead the country as the Shah fled

IRAN

Ayatollah Khomeini Strict adherence to Islam - Theocracy Hatred of the US 1979 Iran hostage crisis – 52 Americans held hostage for 444 days by Iranian revolutionaries Battled w/ neighbor Saddam Hussein, who ruled a secular Iraq 1980 – 1988 Iran – Iraq war, resulted in 1 million deaths

Theocracy…HUH?

IRAQ Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire until after WWI Ruled by UK until 1932 = independence 1979 Saddam Hussein takes power by overthrowing his close friend Hussein is responsible for the death of hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Iraq 1990 Gulf War w/ USA due to Iraqi invasion of neighboring Kuwait 2003 US led invasion leads to the ouster of the Hussein regime Starting in 2009 Iraq held elections

AFGHANISTAN Post WWII Soviet influenced Late 1970s revolt to overthrow communist government resulted in a USSR invasion 1979 Supplied with American weapons the Mujahedeen (Afghan rebels) fought the Soviets Soviets withdrew troops in 1989 after the war’s failure and devastating costs Mikhail Gorbachev – leader of USSR who removed Soviet troops Taliban (Islamic religious students) were among of Mujahedeen Taliban seized power and established an Islamic Government Taliban impose oppressive rule especially on women. Were driven from power in 2001 by US forces

Mujahedeen 1987

Pakistan Started as East and West Pakistan East Pakistan declared itself independent in March 26 th 1971 and became Bangladesh A bloody civil war followed with 1 million deaths and Pakistan losing 1/7 th of its land A series of military coups (1958 & 1977) defines Pakistan’s govt. post civil war

Kashmir Small region which lies at the northern point of India next to Pakistan Mostly Muslim region that was Hindu controlled Shortly after gaining Independence India and Pakistan began battling for the region UN arranged cease fire in 1949, 1/3 of territory is Pakistan’s the rest is India’s The two countries continue to fight over the region

India Achieves Freedom (18.1) UK ruled Indian for almost two centuries Mohandas Gandhi began an Indian independence movement in 1939, when UK committed Indian forces to WWII India also struggled with unity because of the diverse population 350 million Hindus (Congress Party) and 100 million Muslims (Muslim League)

Mohandas Gandhi Religious approach to political activity (p454) Mahatma “Great Soul” Civil Disobedience – the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law Called on Indians to boycott British goods, schools, taxes, elections & cloth These actions weakened the British control greatly

The Salt March 1930 Gandhi organized a demonstration against the British Salt Acts These acts forced Indian to buy salt only from the British w/ taxes Gandhi and his followers walked 240 miles to the sea and began collecting their own salt Many demonstrations against these laws took place and eventually 60,000 people including Gandhi were arrested

India Achieves Freedom 1939 British commit India’s forces to WWII, fueling more resistance After WWII British had many war debts Muslims battled Hindus in India for control of the nation Partition – the division of India into separate Muslim and Hindu nations NW and E regions become Pakistan July 16 th 1947 India and Pakistan granted freedom, “bloody partition” Three wars between India and Pakistan since, last in 1971

Modern India World’s largest democracy Jawaharlal Nehru – first prime minister, 17 years After Nehru’s death in 1964 his daughter Indira Gandhi took office June 1984 Indira Gandhi is gunned down by Sikh extremists Rajiv Gandhi, her son, takes power and is also killed in 1991 while campaigning for reelection India test nuclear weapons in 1998 and Pakistan in Pakistani terrorists attack Indian financial center of Mumbai

Study Guide People Gandhi Mujahedeen Saddam Hussein The Taliban The Six-Day War Yasir Arafat Rajiv Gandhi Indira Gandhi Nehru The Ayatollah Terms Theocracy Salt March Iran Iraq War Israel’s creation Iran hostage crisis USSR in Afghanistan Pakistan Kashmir Bangledesh Iran