Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Federalism and U.S. Marijuana Laws: A Constitutional Crisis By: Willard M. Oliver Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

Introduction  17 states and the District of Columbia have decriminalized marijuana  23 states and the District of Columbia legalized medicinal marijuana  4 states and the District of Columbia legalized recreational use of marijuana  Washington D.C. despite laws continues to enforce the federal law that lists marijuana as a Schedule I narcotic  Most significant federal crisis in modern times Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

History of Marijuana in the U.S.  Use of marijuana dates back to colonial era o Not smoked for medical or recreational purposes o Used as food product o Used for making ropes and fabrics  Marijuana derived from Hemp Plant o Indigenous to Central and South Asia  Use for recreational purposes appears to have been derived from the Spaniards  Use of drug migrated north with the Mexicans and individuals from the Caribbean (free islanders and African slaves) Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

History of Marijuana in the U.S. (Cont’d)  Before the late 19th century marijuana largely seen as a cultural and underground phenomenon  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries marijuana was largely associated with Hispanics and Blacks o Mexicans Practitioners of Voodoo Those associated with jazz movement o Concerns raised on the over mass of immigration and the American culture fundamentals beginning to change Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

History of Marijuana in the U.S. (Cont’d)  Action by the federal government o Pure food and Drug Act of 1906 Marijuana increasingly being labeled as a poison in the late 19th century o Congress Added cannabis to the list of “dangerous” drugs Required labeling of all prescription drugs, including marijuana  California was the first state to pass legislation regulating marijuana o Poison Act in 1907  Massachusetts in 1911 was the first to outlaw marijuana outright Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

History of Marijuana in the U.S. (Cont’d)  When alcohol was made illegal by the Prohibition individuals were looking for an alternative drug  Uniform policy o 1925 – International Opium Convention Ban on hashish o National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws Uniform State Narcotic Act – Congress accepted the final draft as model legislation for regulating drugs o 1935 – every state in the nation had signed on to the uniform standards Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

History of Marijuana in the U.S. (Cont’d)  1930 – Congress consolidated the Federal Narcotics Control Board and the Narcotics Division of U.S. Treasury to create the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) o Commissioner – Harry J. Anslinger – focused much of his time on marijuana Launched campaign to demonize marijuana Civil and church groups became actively involved Movies were used to convey anti-marijuana message  Congress passed the Marihuana Tax Act in 1937 o Did not criminalize the possession or use of marijuana o Placed tax on anyone selling marijuana o Imposed heavy fines for anyone violating the law Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

History of Marijuana in the U.S. (Cont’d)  1960s – baby boom  1970s – generation began challenging institutions o Smoking marijuana became symbol of their generation  Late 1960s and early 1970s Nixon Administration took a hardline approach to marijuana o Controlled Substances Act, Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuser Prevention and Control Act Placed drugs into different categories, called Schedules Marijuana identified as a Schedule I drug (no recognized medical benefits and high potential for abuse) Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

Federalism  Conflict that arose in the 1970s is between the national government and state governments  National government given enumerated powers o Creation of military o Printing of U.S. currency  Powers reserved for state governments o Conduct of elections o Establishment of local governments  Shared powers of governance o Establishment of courts o Chartering banks o Making and enforcing laws Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

Federalism (Cont’d)  Framers of the Constitution could not allocate responsibility for every issue at the time or for the future o Provided a framework of governance for national and state governments to collaborate  Constitutions vague in specifying responsibilities o 10th Amendment designed to address deficiency, “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people” o Constitution does not mentioned regulating drug for medicinal or recreational purposes therefor it is left for the states to decide o “supremacy clause” “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land” Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

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