Chapter 2, Section 4 A New Nation Part One p After the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolution becomes a fight to protect a new nation, the U.S.A.

Our First Army General George Washington named Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army – June 14, 1775 Army is poorly trained and disorganized (mostly militia) – Soldiers are volunteers, feel they can leave at will, and they do – Congress has little money to pay soldiers They take Boston – March 1776 – British forced to sail to Canada, with 1000 loyal colonists – They’ll be back. Washington heads to New York… Recruiting for the Continental Army

Fighting in the Middle Colonies (States) Main Idea: After some initial defeats in New York, the Continental army wins important victories at Trenton and Princeton. Loyalist (“Tory”): colonist who remain loyal to Britain – Mostly in Middle & Southern states – Tories say we need Britain & can’t beat them Britain has Native American allies and Hessian mercenaries (professional soldiers for hire) Washington suffers crushing defeats in N.Y. at battles of Long Island & Fort Washington In 12 weeks, Washington loses 90% of his army & parts of 3 states 1776 is a disaster until…… The “miraculous” retreat from Long Island

Battle of Trenton Washington Crossing the Delaware Washington crosses the icy Delaware River after midnight on Dec. 26, 1776 (Christmas Night) – Surprise attack against Hessian mercenaries Battle of Trenton is the first victory for Washington & the Continental Army!

Battle of Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777 A week after Trenton, Washington attacks again British General Cornwallis is fooled by American campfires Washington’s forces quietly encircle British – British forced to withdraw from Princeton – Nassau Hall at Princeton University still bears a cannonball scar from this battle. – Washington’s last victory for a LONG time Washington at the Battle of Princeton

Saratoga: A Turning Point Main Idea: The victory at Saratoga boosts Patriot confidence and convinces France that the colonists have a chance to win independence. “Gentleman” Johnny Burgoyne British General Burgoyne has a plan to end the rebellion: – Cut New England off from the rest of the colonies - control the Hudson River 3 armies march toward Albany, NY – 2 go up & down the Hudson River, 1 goes east along the Mohawk River

Battle of Saratoga British Northern army is defeated by American Generals Gates & Arnold. – Major American Victory! Battle of Saratoga marks a turning point in the war. – America secures a military alliance with France and later Spain. Burgoyne surrenders his sword to Gates - Oct. 17, 1777

Why was Saratoga the Turning Point? The victory allowed a Franco- American Alliance. – France didn’t want to back a loser. – Ben Franklin was able to convince king of France we could win. – They sent ships, soldiers, guns, and money. Who was the hero of Saratoga? – Benedict Arnold! – Second in command to Horatio “Granny” Gates – Badly injured (again) Becomes military Governor of Philadelphia, then fort Arnold And then….. Franklin, in his fur hat, charmed the French with what they saw as rustic new world genius. General Benedict Arnold

The Traitor is erased from history Washington ordered his named to be erased from all history books. Burgoyne surrendering to Gates – Oct. 17, 1777 No Arnold in this one either Ethan Allen & his “Green Mountain Boys” take Ft. Ticonderoga -May 10, 1775 Where is Benedict Arnold?

Benedict Arnold The Greatest American Traitor Civil War cartoon showing Arnold and Jefferson Davis in Hell Un-named boot monument at Saratoga 42NYhttp:// 42NY 3 mins. 24 seconds

American Revolution Timeline p. 60 War begins Turning Point War ends

John Paul Jones ( ) “Father of the American Navy” “Every officer in our navy should know by heart the deeds of John Paul Jones.” - Theodore Roosevelt Born in Scotland – becomes American naval hero. Captures British “Ship of the Line” – “I have not yet begun to fight!” What about the war at sea? Bonhomme Richard v. Serapis - 9/23/1779 Jones’ tomb