Triumphs of the Crusade Civil rights activists break through racial barriers Activism prompts landmark legislation (Corresponds to 21.2)

Freedom Riders – June 1961 CORE sends racially mixed teams to bus stations –Riders beaten - one bus firebombed –Bus companies refuse to carry CORE riders –Robert Kennedy pressures buses to transport riders Protection from 400 Federal Marshals –AL doesn’t provide protection JFK signs the Interstate Commerce act: –bans segregation in all travel facilities

Integrating Ole Miss 1962 James Meredith enrolls at University of Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith register JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrar's office

Heading into Birmingham April 1963, SCLC demonstrate to desegregate Birmingham King arrested, writes "Letter from Birmingham Jail" TV news show police attacking child marchers w/ fire hoses, dogs, clubs

Kennedy Takes a Stand June 1963 Troops force University of Alabama to desegregate NAACP's Medgar Evers murdered; hung juries lead to killer's release

The Dream of Equality August 1963 –250,000 people arrive in DC –Demand passage of civil rights bill –MLK gives "I Have a Dream" speech

September 1963 –Birmingham church bombings –Kill 4 girls

Freedom Summer – June 1964 To register black voters in Mississippi –Volunteers beaten, killed - homes, churches burned

Civil Rights Act – July 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law –Prohibits discrimination due to race, religion, gender

Selma Campaign: March 7 & Protestor killed in Selma, AL MLK leads 600-person protest –TV shows police violence Second march has federal protection

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Signed August 6 Stops literacy tests Permits federal, not local, officials to enroll voters Increases black voter enrollment

Northern Segregation De facto- by practice, custom De jure- by law WWII black migration to the north –Results in "white flight" –Black unemployment twice as high as white –White flight reverses school integration progress –Angry at police treatment from white officers Whites baffled by the race riots LBJ’s money diverted from programs: –War on Poverty, Great Society – these help minorities –Redirected to Vietnam War

Black Power Malcolm X –Nation of Islam wants black & white separation –Scares whites & moderate blacks –Malcolm's trip to Mecca changes attitude –Killed in 1965 Black Panthers founded 1966 –Fight police brutality w/ brutality –Want black self-sufficiency –Provide services in ghettos Win popular support

Black Power CORE & SNCC become more militant –Calls for Black Power in 1967 –Blacks control own lives without whites SCLC pursues traditional tactics 1967 Supreme Court overrules prohibition of interracial marriage in Loving v. Virginia

1968 MLK –Objects to Black Power movement –Killed April, 1968 Reactions to King's Death –Worst urban rioting in US history –Kerner Commission says riots caused by racism Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later

Timeline June 1961 Freedom Riders 1962 Integrating Ole Miss April 1963 MLK Arrested in Birmingham June 1963 Integrating Univ. AL Aug 1963 MLK speech Sept Church bombings July 1964 CRA 1964 Signed June 1964 Freedom Summer March 1965 Selma Marches Aug 1965 Voting Rights Act Signed April 1968 MLK Assassinated June 1968 RFK Assassinated