Haciendas: huge estates which had large sufficient farms Produced a variety of goods like meat, hides, and sugar. American Indians were used as slave farm workers, miners, and servants. European diseases wiped out Indian settlements Indian population decreased Imported slaves from Africa increased. Spanish wealth in colonies grew Imposed public buildings, cathedrals, and palaces Fortresses protected cities Colonial Economy
Higher: Royal officials and owners of large estates Lower: Workers, peasants, and slaves. (Enormous social gap) Peninsulares: Europeans born on Iberian Peninsula Spain or Portugal Creoles : white people born in the colonies Most suffered social and job discrimination. Mestizos: mix of American, Indian, and European Mulattoes : European/African ancestry Faced racial and social barriers More rights than Indians Women: depended on family background Spanish: enjoyed some economic freedom b/c own property Managed family businesses Colonial Society
Charles III’s Intendancy System: appointed peninsulares as governors in the colonies. Loyal to Spanish crown rather than viceroys. Colonists paid heavy taxes in support of European’s wars. Colonists called for independence Simon Bolivar : lead several revolutions in Latin America Causes of Discontent
French settlers own plantations Worked by African slaves Mulattoes demanded same rights as French settlers. Settlers resisted Mullattoes and slave join together Toussaint-Loverture: leader and freed slave Won control of Saint Dominique Napoleon I sends army in Loses war to rebels Proclaimed independence under name Haiti. Haiti’s Slave Rebellion
Creoles, mestizos, and American Indians in Mexico participated in revolutionary activities. Miquel Hidalgo Y Costilla Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon Liberals of Spain took some power away from king Creoles staged independence Generals overthrew and Mexico became a republic Reps from Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica met to form Federal Union called Provinces of Central America. Mexico and Central America
Simon Bolivar, Jose Francisco de San Martin, and Bernardo O’Higgins Leaders for the fight of independence in Spanish South America. First Revolt: Rebels and San Martin seized control of government in La Plata (independence of Argentina). Long Bloody Civil War Revolt in Venezuela Bolivar becomes president in present day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama San Martin took over Peru capital (declared independence) Northern territory of upper Peru became Bolivia Spanish South America
Dom Joao-monarch of Brazil and Portugal Revolt broke out-Dom Joao returns to Portugal Angered Brazilians Encouraged his son to rule Brazil independent Dom Pedro did so and ruled as emperor. Brazil and Argentina-argued over land between them Settlers gained independence (Uruguay) Only Cuba and Puerto Rico are left for Spain. Brazil
Monroe Doctrine: United States would not interfere in European affairs or with Europe’s remaining colonies in the Western Hemisphere. Oppose any attempts by European nations to retake colonies. Expanded trade Tribute payments ended Slavery was abolished After Independence
Write an outline for the following sections: 1.Latin American Unity 2.Internal Problems