Kingdom’s Overview AP Biology

Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis Cambrian Explosion Cambrian Explosion Phylogeny Phylogeny Cladistics Cladistics

3 Domains Archae (halophiles, thermophiles, acidophiles, methanogens) Archae (halophiles, thermophiles, acidophiles, methanogens) Bacteria Bacteria Eukaria Eukaria

6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Eubacteria Eubacteria Protista Protista Fungus Fungus Plants Plants Animals Animals

sun Wall Photosynthesis complex

sun Wall Photosynthesis complex

sun Wall Photosynthesis complex

sun Wall Photosynthesis complex

Bacteria Bacteria Vs. Plant cell walls Bacteria Vs. Plant cell walls Gram (+) stain purple, peptidoglycan is on the outside and can easily be stained. Gram (+) stain purple, peptidoglycan is on the outside and can easily be stained. Gram (-) have a more complex cell membrane outside of the peptidoglycan layer. Gram (-) have a more complex cell membrane outside of the peptidoglycan layer. Bacteria locomotion Bacteria locomotion Taxis Taxis Reproduction: Asexual Vs. Sexual Reproduction: Asexual Vs. Sexual 3 methods to genetically modify bacteria 3 methods to genetically modify bacteria Ecological Significance Ecological Significance

Protista Euglena- Euglena- trypanosomes- trypanosomes- dinoflagellates- dinoflagellates- Plasmodium- Plasmodium- Paramecium- Paramecium- Amoeba- Amoeba- diatoms- diatoms- cellular slime molds cellular slime molds

Plants Green Algae Green Algae Adaptations needed for life on land Adaptations needed for life on land Alternations of Generations Alternations of Generations

Plant Groups Bryophytes Bryophytes Lycophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Gymnosperms Angiosperms (2 major groups) Angiosperms (2 major groups) Economical importance of each Economical importance of each

Plants Advantages of seed Advantages of seed Xylem(Tracheids) and Phloem(Sieve Cells) Xylem(Tracheids) and Phloem(Sieve Cells) Monocots Vs. Dicots Monocots Vs. Dicots 3 types of plant tissue 3 types of plant tissue

Fungus Definitions Asci: Sac-formed, reproductive structure producing haploid spores. Ascospores: Spores formed by sac fungi (Ascomycota). Fungi: A eukaryotic, heterotrophic, saprotrophic organism Mold: A fungus that grows as a downy coating on animal or plant matter. Saprotrophic (Saprophytic): "Rotten food eater“ Decomposer: Organism that uses dead organic matter as source of energy Spore: 1. Single celled reproductive structure, usually an asexual haploid cell that divides by mitosis to produce new haploid individuals (could also be a sexual haploid cell that first must unite with another sexual spore to produce a new life stage); 2. A resistant, resting body adapted to survive adverse environmental conditions.

General Characteristics General Characteristics Hyphae and Mycellium Hyphae and Mycellium Plant Vs. Fungus Cell Walls Plant Vs. Fungus Cell Walls Importance to ecosystem Importance to ecosystem Importance to humans Importance to humans

5 Fungus Branches Phylum Zygomycota ("molds", bread-molds) Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) yeast, penicillin Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi) mushroom, mycelium, mycorrhizae Phylum Mycophycophyta (lichens) pioneer species Phylum Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi) predator fungus, athletes foot

Animals Symmetry Symmetry Cephalization Cephalization Germ Layers Germ Layers Acoelomates Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates Coelomates Protostomes Vs. Protostomes Vs. Deuterostomes Deuterostomes Cleavage Cleavage blastopore blastopore Stages of Stages of Embryonic Development Embryonic Development

Invertebrates Sponges Sponges Cnidarians Cnidarians Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis Coelomates Coelomates Acoelomates Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Pseudocoelomates

Animal Classification (Invertebrates) Porifera Porifera Cnidaria Cnidaria Placozoa Placozoa Ctenophora Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes Rotifera Rotifera Ectoprocta Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Brachiopoda Nemertea Nemertea Acanthocephala Acanthocephala Mollusca Mollusca Annelida Annelida Loricifera Loricifera Priapula Priapula Nematoda Nematoda Arthropoda Arthropoda Tardigrada Tardigrada Onychophora Onychophora Hemichordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Echinodermata Chordata Chordata

Vertebrates 4 Characteristics of Chordates 4 Characteristics of Chordates Tetrapod significance Tetrapod significance paedomorphosis paedomorphosis amniotic egg and the amniote amniotic egg and the amniote

Vertebrate Classification Myxini Petromyzontida Myxini Petromyzontida Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Actinopterygii Actinista Actinista Dipnoi Dipnoi Amphibia Amphibia Reptilia Reptilia Mammalia (3 Groups) Mammalia (3 Groups)