Section 1- Byzantine Empire Chapter 9 Section 1- Byzantine Empire

Constantinople Who: Romans & Byzantines, Constantine What: capital city of the Byzantine Empire Where: in between Black & Mediterranean Seas & Asia / Europe; Byzantine Empire When: 330-1453 Why: the city had an excellent harbor, was guarded on 3 sides by water; Emperors built an elaborate system of walls to protect the city; was the center of key trade routes that linked Asia & Europe; was the connecting point of 2 main seas & 2 continents = everyone wanted it = war

Constantinople Who: Romans, Byzantines, Constantine What: capital of the Byzantine Empire Where: In b/n Black & Med seas; in b/n Asia & Europe; Byzantine Empire, ME When: 330-1453 Why: Constantine named the capital of the Byzantine Empire after himself; vital center of the Byzantine Empire; heavily fortified city; key trading & business center- linked trade routes from Asia to Europe; reminder of Roman heritage

Justinian (6th) Who: Byzantine Emperor What: leader that wanted to revive ancient Rome by recovering lands that had been lost Where: Byzantine Empire When: 527-565 Why: was unsuccessful in recovering land; after the riots he rebuilt the Empire & his great triumph was the Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s Code); ruled as an autocrat w. complete control

Justinian Who: Emperor of Byzantine Empire What: was determined to revive Ancient Rome by recovering land that was taken by Germanic invaders when Rome fell Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire When: 527-565 Why: The Byzantine reached its peak in power under his reign; he lost the land he attempted to gain back; his great triumph was rebuilding Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s code); ruled as an autocrat; ruled the church- Christ’s co-ruler on earth; his wife Theodora helped him rule

313- Constantine made Christianity the legal religion & rebuilt Constantinople 527- Justinian becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire 532- riots & fires swept Constantinople making Justinian want to rebuild 600s-700s Arab armies gained control of the Western World 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

313- Constantine makes Christianity the official religion of Byz Emp 527- 565 : the peak of the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Justinian 600-700: Arab armies gradually gained control of the Mediterranean 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

Justinian’s Code (6th) Who: Byzantines, Justinian What: a collection of laws, Corpus Juris Civilis “Body of Civil Law”, that included laws passed by Roman assemblies or Emperors, and legal writings of Roman judges; law code of Byzantine Empire Where: Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire When: 500s-1100s Why:

Justinian’s code Who: Romans, Byzantines, Justinian What: a massive collection that included laws by Roman assemblies & legal writings of Roman judges; Body of Civil Law for the Byzantine Empire Where: Byzantine Empire; Eastern Roman Empire When: 500s- 1100s Why: this law code impacted WE in that they modeled their laws on this & it helped to strengthen & centralize their power; led to legal thinkers creating international law; Justinian used this to unify his power under one central power

Autocrat Who: Justinian What: a sole ruler with complete authority WherE: Byzantine Empire When: 500s- 1100s Why: Justinian used the law to unify the Empire under his control; ruler of both political & religious spheres

Autocrat (6th) Who: Justinian What: Sole ruler w. complete authority Where: Byzantine Empire When: 500s-1100s Why: combined both political power & spiritual authority; had control of the church as well as the gov’t

Theodora Who: Justinian’s wife What: she was an advisor & co-ruler to the emperor Justinian Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire When: 497-548 Why: she constantly challenged the Emperor’s authority to pursue her own authority- she convinced him to stay in Constantinople when it was under siege; very good politician

Theodora (6th) Who: Justinian’s wife What: advised her husband & pursued her own policies; was a shrewd politician Where: Byzantine Empire When: 497-548 Why: she helped her husband become a better ruler; she forced Justinian to stay in Constantinople during the riots of 532- he then rebuilt into a great empire after

Patriarch Who: Emperor & Church official What: pious church official in the Byzantine Empire; leader of the Eastern Orthodox church Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire When: 330-1453 Why: Different from WE’s Catholic church- could marry & didn’t have complete control like the Pope; he controlled church affairs & was the highest church official

Patriarch (6th) Who: Byzantine Emperor & ruler of the Eastern Orthodox church WhaT: highest church official of the Eastern Orthodox church in Constantinople Where: Byzantine Empire When: 330-1613 Why: the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire would appoint a leader right under him that would help the Emperor make decisions about the church; this leader was similar to the Catholic Pope in the West except he could marry & didn’t have complete control

Icons Who: Byzantine Christians & Emperor What: holy images Where: Eastern Europe & Byzantine Empire When: 330-1613 Why: many Byzantine Christians used these images of Jesus, Mary & the saints in their worship; in the 700s a Byzantine Emperor outlawed the use of these icons b.c. it violated God’s commandment agnst worshipping; this was one of the main reasons for the Great Schism b.n Catholic & Orthodox Christianity- Catholics were ok, Orthodox said no

Icons (6th) Who: Christians What: a dispute over holy images contributed to the Great Schism / split Where: Byzantine Empire When: 700-1000s Why: many Byzantine Christians worshipped holy images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints; the Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

Icons (7th) Who: Byzantine Christians What: holy images portraying Jesus, Mary, & saints Where: Byzantine Empire When: 700s- 1000s Why: Christians used these in church to show their religious devotion; Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

Great Schism Who: Eastern & Western Roman Christians What: a split b.n the Eastern & Western churches into 2 different Christian churches WherE: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe When: 1054* Why: controversies b.n the 2 empires led to a split in the churches & the way they worshipped- Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East) ; they became rival Christian churches instead of branches

Great Schism (6th) Who: Christians What: a controversy over certain characteristics in the church led to the split/schism of the Christian( Catholic) church into 2 parts Where: Western Europe (West) & Byzantine Empire (East) When: 1054* Why: this split led to 2 diff Christian churches- Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East); controversy over things like use of icons, priests marrying, & what language to use

Great Schism (7th) Who: Byzantine Christians & Western Christians What: a religious split where the Byz Emp (East) & West. Europe (West) split into 2 types of Christianity Where: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe When: 1054* Why: this split was over controversies in the church such as the use of icons, marriage of priests, & what language to use; it led to 2 diff churches: Byzantine (East)- Greek Orthodox & West Europe- Roman Catholic

Quiz 1. Identify Justinian’s code. 2. Give an effect of Justinian. 3. Who was Theodora? 4. Identify the Great Schism. 5. What 2 religions came about from #4?

Russia Section 2

Steppe Who: Nomadic peoples, peoples from Russia What: an open, treeless grassland Where: Russia When: 500s-600s Why: it offered splendid pasture for the herds & horses of nomadic peoples; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

Steppe Who: Asians, Europeans, & nomadic peoples What: open grassland b/n Asia & Europe Where: Asia to Europe When: 330-1613 Why: offered splendid pasture for the herds & horses of the nomadic ppls; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

Kiev (3rd) Who: Slavic peoples, Vikings, & Russians What: the capital of present-day Ukraine, center of the first Russian state Where: Ukraine, Eastern Europe When: 500s- today Why: this city’s culture & growth were a result of the mixing of the Vikings & Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

Kiev Who: Russians, Slavic peoples What: capital of present-day Ukraine, was the center of the 1st Russian state Where: Russia When: 500s-600s Why: Slavic peoples lived here in 700s/800s; Vikings were here & mixed w. Slavic peoples; they conducted trade w. Constantinople

Kiev (7th) Who: Russians What: capital of the present day Ukraine, the center of the 1st Russian state Where: Russia When: 500s-1613 Why: its culture & growth were the result of a mixing of the Vikings & the Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

Cyrillic (3rd) Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukranians, Bulgarians What: an alphabet that became written script still used in Russia & E. Europe today Where: Russia, E. Europe When: 863 Why: the Byzantine Empire sent missionaries to convert Slavs in Russia in the 800s, 2 Greek brothers adapted the Greek alphabet into this so they could translate the bible into Slavic tongues in order to convert the ppls of Russia & EE

Cyrillic (7th) Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians What: an alphabet that was adapted from the Greek alphabet Where: From the Byz Emp; to Russia, EE When: 863 Why: this allowed the Byzantine Greeks to translate their bible into Slavic language so they could convert the ppls of Russia & EE to Orthodox Christianity= Russia became Russian Orthodox Christian

Golden Horde (3rd) Who: Batu, Grandson of Genghis Khan What: Mongol armies that looted & burned Kiev & other Russian towns, fierce conquerors that control Russia for 150 years Where: Russia When: 1236-1241 Why: because they burnt Russian towns many ppl were killed, Golden Horde ruled Russia for more than 150 years; areas suffered destructive raids from the Mongols; Russian princes had to acknowledge Mongols as the rulers & pay tribute; they tolerated the Russian Orthodox Church; their rule served as an ex. To later Russian rulers

Ivan the Great (6th) Who: Russian War hero, Russian prince, Ivan III What: brought most of Northern Russia under his rule & reconquered land from the Mongols Where: Northern Russia When: 1462-1505 Why: he built the framework for absolute rule; he tried to limit the power of the Boyars(nobles); he adopted Byzantine customs to show their influence on Russia; he created the title Tsar

Ivan the Great Who: Ivan III, Russian prince What: he brought much of Northern Russia under his rule Where: Russia When: 1462-1505 Why: recovered Russian territory that had fallen into the hands of others

Tsar (3rd) Who: Ivan III, Ivan the Great What: the Russian name for Caesar, title of Russia’s leader Where: Russia When: 1504-1917 Why: the Tsar was like the highest God, leader of all of Russia; Ivan the Great created this title which remained until the end of absolute rule in Russia

Tsar (6th) Who: Russian ruler What: Russian word for Caesar, absolute ruler of Russia Where: Russia When: 1500s Why: Ivan the Great created this title to symbolize his absolute power, this title remained the name of Russia’s leader until 1917

Tsar (7th) Who: Ivan III (the Great) What: Russian word for Caesar, title of Russia’s leader Where: Russia When: 1504- 1917 Why: Ivan III (the Great) created this title; title of Russia’s absolute leader; Ivan IV was the first official Tsar

Ivan the Terrible (6th) Who: the first Russian ruler officially crowned tsar, Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV What: ruler of Russia that centralized royal power by limiting Boyars, granted land in exchange for military service Where: Russia When: 1530-1584 Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism

Ivan the Terrible (7th) Who: Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia What: introduced Russia to extreme absolute power; abused his power as Tsar = called Ivan the Terrible Where: Russia When: 1530-1584 Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible (3rd) Who: Ivan IV, Ivan the Great’s grandson What: he abused his powers as the Tsar of Russia = Ivan the Terrible Where: Russia When: 1541-1584 Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism; after his rule Russia was left seeping w. rebellion

500/600- the Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & south to BE 700s-900s- Vikings arrive 862- Russians claim their country started here when a prince called “the Rus” started controlling Novgorod, Russia 863- 2 Greek brothers created Cyrillic so they could translate bible into slvaic tongue to convert Russians to Christianity

Timeline (workbook) 500s/600s- Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & South into Byzantine Empire 862- Russia dated it’s origins of their country when Prince “the Rus” began his rule in Novgorod, Russia 800s- Constantine sent Christian missionaries to convert the Slavs 863- 2 Greek brothers invented Cyrillic to convert the Slavs of Russia 957- Pricess Olga (ruler in Russia) converted to Christianity 1200s- young leader (Genghis Khan) united nomadic warriors in Central Asia to start conquering land 1236-1241- Batu (Mongol) led army into Russia, took over, & started Golden Horde (Mongol rule of Russia)

Timeline (contd) 1500- Ivan III (the Great) recovers Russian lands from the Golden horde (the Mongols) 1547- Ivan IV becomes first Russian ruler officially crowned Tsar 1560- Ivan IV became increasingly unstable 1584- Ivan the IV (Terrible) dies leaving his lands seething w. rebellion

Eastern Europe Section 3

Balkan Peninsula Who: E. Europeans What: rough triangular arm of land that goes south into Mediterranean Sea Where: E. Europe & Slavic nations & Russia When: 330-1613 Why: this wide piece of land lies between central Europe to the West; this links W. Europe & Russia; important trade routes came into Europe through here = this region having a large Byz influence

Balkan Peninsula (6) Who: Slavs, E. Europeans What: a triangular arm of land surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea Where: E. Europe/Southern Russia/Mediterranean Sea When: 330-1613 Why: this land was in between E. & W. Europe & Russia- it allowed for good trade in the region which led to many cultural influences in the Balkans

Balkan Peninsula (7) Who: Eastern Europeans What: roughly triangular piece of land Where: E. Europe, southern Russia in the Mediterranean Sea When: 330-present Why: the Danube & Vistula rivers travel through this region = trade from We. Europe/ Byzantine Empire/ Russia flourishes = allows for trade b.n cultures

Ethnic group Who: the Czech & Slavic ppls What: a group of people that share the same language & culture heritage Where: E. Europe, Balkans When: 330-1613 Why: groups of people that were part of the same ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities of their group of ppl; various groups migrate to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse

Ethnic group (6) Who: Slavs & E. Europeans What: a group of ppl that share the same language & culture heritage Where: the Balkans, E. Europe When: 330-1613 Why: groups of people that were part of the same ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities for their group of ppl; various groups migrated to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse (numerous ethnic grps in 1 area)

Ethnic Group (7) Who: E. Europeans, Slavs What: a group of people that share the same language & cultural heritage Where: E. Europe & South Russia When: 330-1613 Why: : groups of people that were part of the same ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities for their group of ppl; various groups migrated to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse (numerous ethnic grps in 1 area)

Bubbles on the wkbook: Northern regions bordering Germany &the Baltic Sea forged close links to W. Europe Rivers & trade in the Balkans Ease of migration = ppl seeking new homes Slavs migrate throughout E. Europe = diverse Asian peoples migrated to E. Europe (Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Magyars) Vikings & Germanic ppls migrated to E. Europe Byzantine culture & religion (Orthodox) spread into E. Europe Jews had been persecuted & kicked out of W. Europe = E. Europe became refuge

Bubbles on Workbook (6) A wide area of land that has many Slavs in Russia to the East & German ppl to the West The Slavs spread all over E. Europe- W. Slavs (Poland), S. Slavs (Balkans) Asians migrated into E. Europe- Huns, Magyars, Bulgars, Chazars, Avars Byzantine Missionaries spread into E. Europe to spread their Orthodox religion Jews migrated from W. Europe to E. Europe as refuge from persecution Rivers & trade in the Balkans Ease of migration = ppl seeking new homes

Bubbles on workbook (7th) Migrations of peoples into E. Europe Foreign conquest- the Ottomans took over much of E. Europe Wars among different peoples E. Europe served as a midway point for Russians (East) Germans (West)= many types of ppl = diverse Goods from other cultures were traded along the rivers = shared goods/culture Different religions formed (Catholic & Greek Orthodox) Asians migrated into E. Europe (Huns, Magyars, Agars, Khazars) Vikings & Germanic ppls migrated in Persecuted Jews from W. Europe escaped here for refuge

Golden Bull of 1222 Who: Hungarian king What: a charter that recognized nobles’ right Where: Hungary When: 1222 Why: strictly limited royal power & recognized nobles’ rights; the Mongols end up overthrowing Hungary in 1241 so this charter didn’t last long

Golden Bull of 1222 (6) Who: Hungarian king What: a charter that recognized nobles’ rights & strictly limited royal power Where: Hungary When: 1222 Why: the charter limited Hungarian king’s power= weakened him = the Mongols took over in 1241 killed half the population but the invasion didn’t last long; similar to Magna Carta

Golden Bull 1222 (7th) Who: Hungarian king What: a charter that strictly limited royal power by giving more power to the nobles Where: Hungary When: 1222 Why: this charter limited the king’s power = he was weak = Mongols came in and took over = Mongol rule didn’t last long; similar to Magna Carta

Poland (wksht)-6th Missionaries brought Catholicism to Slavs in Poland (900s) 910- first Polish king was crowned 1386- Poland’s greatest age (height of power) 1683- Polish king broke the Ottoman Siege of Vienna (defeated the Ottomans) 1783- Poland was taken over by invaders

Important events in E. Europe (wkbook) Poland: Missionaries brought Roman Catholicism in 900s The 1st Polish king was crowned by 1000 Poland-Lithuania was the greatest age of Poland Political power gradually shifted from monarch to nobles The Polish king broke the Ottoman Siege of Vienna

Hungary (wkbook) The Magyars from Asian steppes settled in Hungary They adopted Catholicism Hungarian king was forced to sign Golden Bull of 1222 giving nobles more power The Mongols overran Hungary in 1241 killing half the population The Ottoman Turks eventually invaded & took over

Hungary: The Golden Bull was signed 1222 1241 Mongols overran Hungary Mongols were then run out of Hungary 1526 Ottoman Turks expanded into Hungary & took over Hungarian independence ended

The Magyars settled in Hungary The king was forced to sign the Golden Bull 1222 Mongols overran Hungary 1241 Mongols left Hungary The Ottoman Turks invaded, took over, & ended Hungarian independence

Serbia (wkbook) Serb leaders recognized the Ottoman Empire as in charge By 800s most Serbs had accepted Orthodox Christianity as their religion By 1100s the Serbs had set up their own country At the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 Serbs fought against the Ottomans but lost- the Ottoman Empire had taken over