End of Vietnam

Review 1. Identify the Cold War President with his policy in Vietnam 1. Identify the Cold War President with his policy in Vietnam 2. What was Khe Sanh? 2. What was Khe Sanh? 3. Explain the causes & effects of the Tet Offensive. 3. Explain the causes & effects of the Tet Offensive. 4. Discuss the candidates of the 1968 Presidential Election 4. Discuss the candidates of the 1968 Presidential Election

Vietnamization “Peace with honor” “Peace with honor” –Nixon & NSA Henry Kissinger plan secret peace negotiations Vietnamization Vietnamization –Turn fighting over to S. Vietnamese –Gradual withdraw of US troops –Secretly expanded war > bombing Cambodia & Laos – ch?v=eLhZryqKVZM ch?v=eLhZryqKVZMhttp:// ch?v=eLhZryqKVZM

Protests Nixon policy Nixon policy –April 1970 announced troops in Cambodia > protests Kent State Kent State –May 1970 –Students set fire to ROTC –4 killed, 9 injured Jackson State Jackson State –9 days later –2 killed, 9 injured Public reaction Public reaction –Shocked & horrified – watch?v=fopb-pr2mxMhttp:// watch?v=fopb-pr2mxM

My Lai Massacre March 1968 March 1968 –Lt William Calley led troops on a search & destroy mission –No Vietcong found Massacre Massacre –US troops killed 450 women, children, elderly men

Pentagon Papers NY Times 1971 NY Times 1971 –Published secret government documents tracing US military in Vietnam since Truman –Revealed government misled public –Leak angered & embarrassed Nixon Daniel Ellsberg Daniel Ellsberg –Leak (Dept. of Defense)

Election of 1972 Nixon v. George McGovern Nixon v. George McGovern McGovern McGovern –Outspoken critic of war –26 th Amendment ’71  Voting age reduced from 21 to 18

End of U.S. Involvement Peace talks stalled Peace talks stalled Christmas Bombings Christmas Bombings –Around-the-clock bombing of N. Vietnam cities –Called off without major results Settlement Jan ’73 Settlement Jan ’73 –US withdraw troops & agree to help rebuild Vietnam –Both sides release POW’s – watch?v=JdNnTGCrku0http:// watch?v=JdNnTGCrku0

Legacy N. Vietnam N. Vietnam –1975 (2 years after US troops left) > N. Vietnam invades S. & captures Saigon –US rushed to evacuate Americans working in city –April 30, 1975 South Vietnam surrendered –Country reunified

Khmer Rouge Cambodia Cambodia –1975 Communist forces (Khmer Rouge) controlled Cambodia –Killed 2 million (1/4 population) –Border dispute > Vietnam invaded in ’79 –Installed puppet gov’t –Vietnam occupied until ’89 when UN peace- keeping forces came

Effects on Vietnam 185,000 S. Vietnamese soldiers killed 185,000 S. Vietnamese soldiers killed 450,000 S. Vietnamese civilians killed 450,000 S. Vietnamese civilians killed 1 million Vietcong troops killed 1 million Vietcong troops killed Severe environmental damage Severe environmental damage

Effects in US Effects in US 58,000 US troops killed 58,000 US troops killed –Survivors exposed to dangers defoliants –Not welcomed upon return –Trouble readjusting $150 billion spent $150 billion spent –Increased national debt & inflation War Powers Act 1973 War Powers Act 1973 –Affirmed Congressional constitutional right to declare war –Gave President 60-day limit on committing troops without special authority or declaration of war