Mood Disorders (aka – Affective Disorders) Mr. Koch AP Psychology Forest Lake High School **Now divided into “Bipolar and Related Disorders” and “Depressive Disorders” in DSM-5**

Depressive Disorders Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Major Depressive Disorder, Single and Recurrent Episodes Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition Other Specified Depressive Disorder Unspecified Depressive Disorder

Major Depression Disorder where person feels sad, overwhelmed, hopeless for weeks or months Typically lose interest in activities & relationships and take pleasure in nothing Despite best efforts, everything from conversation to bathing is an unbearable, exhausting effort Often exaggerated feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, hopelessness, or guilt – Can begin suddenly or gradually – Single episode or repeated “Common cold” of all disorders 9.5% of pop. in any given year 1 in 5 over lifetime Young adults & women most susceptible

Major Depression To be diagnosed, must experience 5 of following (usually for >2wks): – Persistent depressed mood most of the day – Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities – Significant weight loss or gain – Sleep changes – Speeding up or slowing down of physical & emotional reactions – Loss of energy – Feelings of worthlessness, guilt – Reduced concentration, inability to make meaningful decisions – Recurring thoughts of death/suicide (depression a factor in 40-70% of suicides)

Related Disorders Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) – Sad mood, lack of interest, loss of pleasure like Major Depression – but chronic in nature – Must last at least 2 years to qualify Post-partum Depression – Major Depression that begins following birth of child Seasonal Affective Disorder – Symptoms of depression connected to lack of sunlight in winter months “specifiers”

Bipolar and Related Disorders Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar II Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorder Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder

Bipolar Disorder (formerly known as Manic Depressive Disorder) Alternating b/w extremes of mood depression & mania – Mania – extremely agitated, usually elated, emotional state Usually very optimistic, extremely energetic, certain of extraordinary powers/abilities, bursting w/ ideas May make impulsive/unwise decisions, irritated by those trying to reason or “slow them down”

Manic Episode

Variations of Disorder Bipolar I – mania & deep depression About 1% pop. – equal M/F Bipolar II – major depression & hypomania (less severe) Also 1% pop. Cyclothymic Disorder – Bipolar equivalent of dysthymia – intensity less severe

Major Depression Dysthymic Disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymic Disorder

Causes of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Appears to be a genetic link Clear connection with chemical imbalance Depression – low norepinephrine & serotonin Mania – high norepinephrine Social Cognitive explanations: – Self-defeating beliefs, learned helplessness – But some research suggests depressed people assess world more accurately (but not adaptively) – Depressive Realism – Attribution of blame – Internal vs. external? – Stable vs. unstable? – Global vs. specific?