Cells – The Basic Unit of Life

I. Cells A. Smallest unit that has the characteristics of life Respond to a stimuli 2. Reproduce B. Several types of cells 1. Variety of 2. Variety of

The Cell

C. Functions of the cell

D. % Water E. Two areas of water -inside the cell outside the cell -inside the cell outside the cell

1. Extracellular ► Thick, syrup-like liquid ► dissolved gases, salts, food & cellular products manufactured or synthesized by mechanisms inside the cell, which leave by secretion. ex. hormones, vitamins, & proteins Two Types A. Contained within blood vessels & chambers of the heart -liquid medium for transport (Oxygen, wastes, & nutrients). -liquid medium for transport (Oxygen, wastes, & nutrients). B. Interstitial Fluid Pathway for products that are in route between cells Protein & salts are harden & there is little interstitial fluid leaking through them. Purpose - Structural support for the body but restricts free passage of material. 2. Environment - between cells.

2. Intracellular ► Protoplasm or Cytoplasm Components – ► When the components are organized in such a way you get: Boundary of the cell or Cell (Plasma) Membrane ► 3 major components inside the cell 1. - cytoplasm or protoplasm 2. - small membrane bound vessels 3. - regulates the cell activities

Review ► Name three characteristics of life? ► How is intracellular material different from extracellular material? ► How is interstitial fluid different from extracellular fluid?

II. Cell Membrane A. Bilipid layer 1. Composed of phosolipids layers Proteins a.b Glycolipids Receptor molecules B.

C. Selective permeable 1. Not everything can pass through the cell membrane. 2. Materials that pass with ease: a.b.c. 3. Materials that have difficulty passing: a. (lipid soluble or non lipid soluble) b. c. Need to pass through the cell membrane.

4. ways materials can pass through the a. – no energy required Following a from high to low to establish. of life’s process. of life’s process. b. – requires energy Going the concentration gradient trying to establish a equilibrium Nerve cells 5. Ways that material can pass through the cell membrane. a.b.c.d.

Review ► Describe the structure of the cell membrane. ► What function does it perform? ► How do lipid-soluble molecules, small molecules and large molecules that are not lipid base cross the cell membrane? ► How is passive movement different from active movement?

D. Types of Passive movement 1. - Following a concentration gradient from high to low to establish equilibrium. Small lipid soluble & Non charged particles 2. - Following a concentration gradient from high to low to establish equilibrium. Larger & charged particles Need Carrier proteins

3. – Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. a Types of osmosis 1. – Equal movements of water into and out of the cell due to equal solute concentrations. 2. – More movement of water out of the cell then in due to more solutes out of the cell. 3. – More movement of water into the cell then out due to more solutes in the cell b. – Force exerted by the movement of water.

Review How is simple diffusion different from facilitated diffusion? What would happen to cells that are placed in the following solutions: isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic.

E. Active transport Requires energy – Going against the concentration gradient trying to establish a equilibrium Ex. Sodium – Potassium Pump

F. – Movement of molecules across the cell membrane by forming a vesicle and requiring ATP. 1. Two types a. – Materials leaving the cell. b. – Materials entering the cell. 1. – Engulfing large solid particles “ ” 2. – Engulfing liquids. “ ”

Movement of Materials Review

Review ► How are facilitated diffusion and active transport similar and how are they different? ► How are phagocytosis, pinocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis similar and how are they different?

III. Cytoplasma and Organelles of the cell. A. – between the cell membrane & nucleus 1. a. water b. proteins c. organic compounds d. inorganic compounds 2. small compartments that do a particular.

B. Types of organelles 1. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – a. Two types 1. – Hold ribosomes – 2. – No ribosomes – Lipid synthesis (hormones),. 2. Golgi Body – and of proteins and of proteins

3. Mitochondria – a. Produces energy for the body in the form of ATP. b. Two lipid membranes. 1. Inner – Cristae 2. Space – Matrix c. Own DNA 4. Lysosomes – Contain enzymes to break apart intracellular particles. 5. Peroxisomes – Contains enzymes to detoxify only in the presence of oxygen.

6. Nucleus – “Control center” a. Round. b. c. Contains genetic material of the cell DNA & RNA. d. Components 1. Nuclear membrane * bilipid * for movement 2. – similar to * – composed of RNA and proteins. * Chromatin -Thin strands of DNA wrapped around proteins balls called. -Contains

7. – proteins that support the cell, hold organelles & allows the cell to change shape. – hollow structure made of protein sub-unit. (large) cellular movement. Filaments(small) – Filaments (between) Ex. – helps the cell with cellular division.

Organelle Review

Review ► What is the function of the following organelles: golgiribosomeflagella SERmitochondria RERcilia Why is the nucleus referred to as the “control center” of the cell?

IV. Protein Synthesis A. Genetic Code 1. Based on the. 2. Code from your which contains. 3. DNA is made up of. 4. Nucleotides are in groups of –.

B. First Step in Protein synthesis 1. a. Copying into b. the master copy 2. Three type of RNA a. - mRNA - Contains the message on how to make the protein. b. - tRNA - Transfers the AA to build the protein. - Contains anticodons. c. - rRNA - Site of protein production - Composed of large and small subunits.

C. Second Step in Protein Synthesis 1. Translation a. Copying into b. Requires all the types of RNA 2. Steps 1. mRNA binds to 2. The come together. 3. with the must match up the to the of the mRNA. 4. Process repeats and forms between the AA until the entire protein is produced.

Translation

Transcription, Translation Review

Review ► What is a gene? ► What process do the cell copy DNA into RNA? Why? ► What role does mRNA play in transcription?

V. Cell Division A. Two types 1. – Nuclear division a. copies of cells are produced. b. Purpose c. Diploid to. d. Stages 1. – cells grows. DNA duplicates. 2. – Nuclear membrane breaks down. Centrioles move to opposite poles. Chromosomes form. 3. – Chromosomes line up at the cells equator. 4. – Chromosome separate 5. – Reverse of prophase. 6. – Cytoplasm and organelles divide

Mitosis

2. Meiosis – Gamete production a. Cells are exact copies. b. Diploid to. c. Purpose 1. Sexual reproduction d. Stages 1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Interkineses 7. Prophase 8. Metaphase 9. Anaphase 10. Telophase

VI. Cellular Aging A. Cellular 1. Irreversible changes within the cell. a. b. Wrinkles c. Accumulation of body fat d. e. Loss of agility f.. B. Two theories on aging 1. Genetic – 2. Environmental –