Centrality Concentration Mixture

…a rampart was built around Paris, which was Europe’s biggest city at the time. To protect the capital from the Anglo-Norman threat, the king decided to reinforce its defenses with a fortress, which came to be known as the Louvre. Philippe Auguste’s Fortress… comprising a moated quadrilateral with round bastions at each corner, and at the center of the north and west walls.

Paris spread far beyond Philippe Auguste’s original wall…further defenses were needed for the French capital. Etienne Marcel, provost of the merchants of Paris, instigated the construction of an earth rampart (1356–58), which was continued and developed under Charles V. Enclosed within the expanding city, the Louvre lost its defensive function.

Henri II's widow Catherine de Médicis ordered the building of a new residence a short distance to the west. Plans for the Tuileries palace were drawn up by Philibert Delorme in The extended wall was complet by 1636

…the Grande Galerie, the long passage provided a direct link from the royal apartments in the Louvre to the Tuileries palace… To avoid excessive monotony along its 450-meter façade, two architects were hired: Louis Métezeau for the east end and Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau for the west.

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In 1699, the artist members of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (founded in 1648) held their first exhibition at the Louvre, in the Grande Galerie. Versailles became Louis XIV’s Permanent residence in

1791

Louis the 14 th ordered the wall t0 be torn down and replaced with roads.

By 1879 Paris had 348 miles of sewer. Through most of the 19 th century, most sewage was removed by trucks at night. By 1840 Paris was considered uninhabitable.

Architect Visconti

1850 River 1900 Rail 1970 Highway

Denton Courthouse Square, 1897 San Antonio Square, 1861

Older Colonies to New Colonies Migration West To the Industrial Cities Suburbanization Areas offering a “High Quality of Life” From fragmentation To integration