Chapter 11 – Carbon Chapter 11 Goals: 1.Classify organic compounds. 2.Recognize structural isomers and steroisomers. 3.Name and draw structures of common organic compounds. 4.Know the common reactions of organic functional groups. 5.Identify common polymers.

Isomerism Isomers have identical ___________ but different ______________ Two forms of isomerism Constitutional (or structural) Stereoisomerism Constitutional Same empirical formula but different atom- to-atom connections Stereoisomerism Same atom-to-atom connections but different _______________________.

Structural Isomers

Stereoisomers: geometrical Cis-2-butene Trans-2-butene

Stereoisomers: optical Optical isomers are molecules with non-superimposable mirror images. Such molecules are called _________ Pairs of chiral molecules are _______________. Chiral molecules in solution can rotate the plane of plane polarized light.

Stereoisomers Chirality generally occurs when a C atom has 4 different groups attached. Lactic acid

Chirality These molecules are non- superimposable mirror images.

Chirality Right- and left- handed seashells The DNA here is right-handed

Hydrocarbons Compounds of C and H Subgroups: –Alk____: C-C single bonds –Alk____: C=C double bonds –Alk____: carbon-carbon triple bonds –________: based on benzene

Hydrocarbons Trans Fatty Acids tend to raise total blood cholesterol CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 CO 2 H

Functional Groups

Amides Acids + Amines --> AMIDES N-methylacetamide

Peptides and Proteins

Polymers Giant molecules made by joining many small molecules called monomers Average production is 150 kg per person annually in the U.S.

Polyamide: Nylon-6,6

Polyamides Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain. A polyamide link forms on elmination of HClA polyamide link forms on elmination of HCl Result = nylon 66Result = nylon 66 Proteins are polyamidesProteins are polyamides

Remember OWL end-of-chapter assignment is required.