05-FIRST 2 YEARS BIOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

BIOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Body Brain Senses Good health

BODY CHANGES

SIZE 2X birth weight by 4 months 3X birth weight by age 1 4X birth weight by age 2

HEAD SPARING If starving, the body stops growing, but not the brain The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

SLEEP Good sleep = good health Newborns sleep 15 – 17 hours REM sleep Rapid eye movement Flickering of closed eyes Rapid brain waves Dreaming ½ of newborn sleep is REM sleep Declines with age

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

NEURONS Basic nerve cell in central nervous system Axons Dendrites Synapses Intersection on neurons (axons & dendrites) Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers Carry information from one neuron to another Transient Exuberance & Pruning Transient Exuberance – Increases dendrites Pruning – Misconnected dendrites atrophy and die

BRAIN STRUCTURE

BRAIN STEM Automatic responses Heartbeat Breathing Temperature

CORTEX Outer layer of the brain Activities Thinking Feeling Sensing Visual Auditory Sensory Motor

PREFRONTAL CORTEX Last to develop Assists with self-control of impulses Reasoning Analysis Ethics

FUSIFORM FACE AREA Face perception “Own race effect” From experience

EXPERIENCE Types of experiences Experience-expectant The brain expects and needs certain experiences to develop. Based on experiences all infants have (e.g. being talked to) E.g. Being talked to results in learning language Experience-dependent Culture based E.g. Which language is learned

SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME Life threatening Blood vessels rupture in the brain Neural connections beak “Abusive Head Trauma”

SENSORY & MOTOR SKILLS

SENSATION-PERCEPTION-COGNITION Sensation Detects stimulus Perception Processes the stimulus Based on experience Cognition (Thinking) Gives meaning to the stimulus

MOTOR SKILLS Gross motor skills Large muscles E.g. walking Muscle strength Brain maturation (Motor cortex) Practice Fine motor skills Small muscles E.g writing

VISION Least developed at birth

GOOD HEALTH

IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATIONS) Creates antibodies for specific contagious diseases by stimulating the immune system. The flu Chicken pox Polio Risk of disease is much greater than risk from immunization

BREAST FEEDING Breast is best Colostrum High calorie fluid – first 3 days Milk Rich in iron & vitamins Provides antibodies (if mother has antibodies) Decreases risk of allergies, asthma, and stomach aches Decreases risk of obesity and heart disease in adulthood (many other factors involved)