Human Body Systems and Disease 7 th Grade Science Standard 7-3

Organization of Living Things The human body is divided into specific levels of organization. These levels are what make the human body a complex organism. The human body is divided into specific levels of organization. These levels are what make the human body a complex organism. The levels of organization, from the simplest structure to the most complex are: The levels of organization, from the simplest structure to the most complex are: Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Organization of Living Things Cells make up tissues Tissues make up organs Organs make up organ systems Organ Systems make up Organisms Way To Remember = CTO 3 C = cells T = tissues O = organs O = organ systems O = organisms

Cells Cells - The basic units of structure and function within the human body. Cells - The basic units of structure and function within the human body. Ex. Nerve cells, blood cells, and bone cells. Ex. Nerve cells, blood cells, and bone cells.

Tissues Tissues - A group of specialized cells that work together to perform the same function. Tissues - A group of specialized cells that work together to perform the same function. 4 basic types of tissue in the human body: Nerve tissue—carries impulses back and forth to the brain from the body Nerve tissue—carries impulses back and forth to the brain from the body Muscle tissue—contracts and shortens, making body parts move Muscle tissue—contracts and shortens, making body parts move

Tissues Epithelial tissue—covers the surfaces of the body, inside and outside Epithelial tissue—covers the surfaces of the body, inside and outside Connective tissue—connects all parts of the body and provides support Connective tissue—connects all parts of the body and provides support

Tissues Blood, an example of a tissue, is composed of several types of cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that function to transport materials from one part of the body to another. Blood, an example of a tissue, is composed of several types of cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that function to transport materials from one part of the body to another.

Organs Organs - Are comprised of two or more different types of tissues that function together to perform a specific function. Organs - Are comprised of two or more different types of tissues that function together to perform a specific function. Ex. The heart is made of muscle and connective tissues which function to pump blood throughout the body. Ex. The heart is made of muscle and connective tissues which function to pump blood throughout the body.

Systems Systems - A group of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function for the human body. Systems - A group of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function for the human body. All of the different organ systems work together and depend on one another. All of the different organ systems work together and depend on one another.

Systems ELEVEN ORGAN SYSTEMS Skeletal(Bones) Some Skeletal(Bones) Some Digestive (Stomach, Intestines)Dumb Digestive (Stomach, Intestines)Dumb Muscular(Muscles)Man Muscular(Muscles)Man Nervous(Brain, Spinal cord)Named Nervous(Brain, Spinal cord)Named Circulatory(Heart, Blood vessels)Cletus Circulatory(Heart, Blood vessels)Cletus Excretory (urinary)(Kidney)Eats Excretory (urinary)(Kidney)Eats Respiratory(Lungs)Raw Respiratory(Lungs)Raw Endocrine(Glands)Eggs Endocrine(Glands)Eggs Integumentary(Skin)Inside Integumentary(Skin)Inside Immune(lymph nodes)Icky Immune(lymph nodes)Icky Reproductive(ovaries, testes)Restrooms Reproductive(ovaries, testes)Restrooms

Circulatory System The circulatory system - transports nutrients, gases (for example oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones, and wastes through the body. The circulatory system - transports nutrients, gases (for example oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones, and wastes through the body. Heart – causes blood to flow through the body by its pumping action Heart – causes blood to flow through the body by its pumping action

Blood Vessels Blood vessels – tubes that carry blood throughout the body Blood vessels – tubes that carry blood throughout the body Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries, Capillaries and Veins Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries, Capillaries and Veins

Types of blood vessels Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells Capillaries - connect arteries to veins Capillaries - connect arteries to veins Veins – carry deoxygenated blood from the cells back to the heart Veins – carry deoxygenated blood from the cells back to the heart

Oxygenated & Deoxygenated The body cells need oxygen to function. Taking in oxygen and transporting it to cells are the jobs of the respiratory and circulatory systems. The body cells need oxygen to function. Taking in oxygen and transporting it to cells are the jobs of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Oxygenated blood – is high in oxygen, is red on charts and in your body, and is usually carried by arteries Oxygenated blood – is high in oxygen, is red on charts and in your body, and is usually carried by arteries Deoxygenated blood – is low in oxygen, blue on charts, dark red in your body, and is usually carried by veins Deoxygenated blood – is low in oxygen, blue on charts, dark red in your body, and is usually carried by veins

Circulatory Connections The circulatory and digestive systems work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body. The circulatory and digestive systems work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body.

Parts of Blood Plasma – liquid part of blood (mostly water) with dissolved minerals, nutrients and oxygen carried to cells Plasma – liquid part of blood (mostly water) with dissolved minerals, nutrients and oxygen carried to cells Red blood cells – disc shaped cells that contain hemoglobin – a molecule that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, made of an iron compound that gives blood its red color Red blood cells – disc shaped cells that contain hemoglobin – a molecule that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, made of an iron compound that gives blood its red color

Parts of Blood White blood cells – large cells that fight bacteria, viruses and other invaders of your body White blood cells – large cells that fight bacteria, viruses and other invaders of your body Platelets – irregularly shaped cell fragments that help clot blood Platelets – irregularly shaped cell fragments that help clot blood

The Heart The heart pumps the blood from the heart to the lungs back to the heart then all over the body. View at The heart pumps the blood from the heart to the lungs back to the heart then all over the body. View at

Parts of the Heart

Atria – collecting chambers Atria – collecting chambers Ventricles – pumping chambers Ventricles – pumping chambers The heart at work: The heart at work:

Digestive System Digestive System- Breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. Digestive System- Breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance.

Parts of the Digestive System Mouth – Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion; saliva in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion Mouth – Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion; saliva in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion Esophagus – The transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach Esophagus – The transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach

Parts of the Digestive System Stomach – Continues the process of mechanical digestion; secretes enzymes that perform some chemical digestion Stomach – Continues the process of mechanical digestion; secretes enzymes that perform some chemical digestion Small Intestine – Where most of the chemical digestion takes place; nutrients from food are also absorbed through the small intestines Small Intestine – Where most of the chemical digestion takes place; nutrients from food are also absorbed through the small intestines

Parts of the Digestive System Large Intestine - The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the remaining food material for elimination from the body Large Intestine - The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the remaining food material for elimination from the body Rectum - a short tube that stores solid waste until it is eliminated from the body through the anus. Rectum - a short tube that stores solid waste until it is eliminated from the body through the anus.

Parts of the Digestive System Ancillary (extra) organs of the digestive system: Ancillary (extra) organs of the digestive system: Liver - produces bile which is used by the body to break up fat particles. Liver - produces bile which is used by the body to break up fat particles. Pancreas - produces enzymes that help break down starches, proteins, and fats in the small intestine. Pancreas - produces enzymes that help break down starches, proteins, and fats in the small intestine. Gall Bladder - stores bile produced by the liver. Gall Bladder - stores bile produced by the liver.

Digestive System Connections to Other Systems The circulatory and digestive systems work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body. The circulatory and digestive systems work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body. The digestive and excretory systems work together to take in materials your body needs and gets rid of wastes. The digestive and excretory systems work together to take in materials your body needs and gets rid of wastes.

Respiratory System Respiratory System - provides gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Respiratory System - provides gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.

Parts of the Respiratory System Nose – Collects air from the environment and moistens and heats the air before it enters the Trachea Nose – Collects air from the environment and moistens and heats the air before it enters the Trachea Trachea – the windpipe; moves air from the nose to the lungs Trachea – the windpipe; moves air from the nose to the lungs

Parts of the Respiratory System Bronchi – Tubes that move air from the trachea to the lungs; Bronchi – Tubes that move air from the trachea to the lungs; one bronchus leads to each lung; one bronchus leads to each lung; part of each bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside part of each bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside What do you think “bronchitis” is? What do you think “bronchitis” is?

Parts of the Respiratory System Lungs –organs that bring in oxygen Lungs –organs that bring in oxygen Respiration – the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide within the lungs Respiration – the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide within the lungs Alveoli – tiny air sacs that make up the lungs Alveoli – tiny air sacs that make up the lungs

Parts of the Respiratory System Diaphragm – the dome shaped muscle that aides in the breathing process Diaphragm – the dome shaped muscle that aides in the breathing process

Excretory (Urinary) System Excretory System- filters out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. Excretory System- filters out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. There are many excretory structures: skin (sweat), lungs (water vapor), but the main structure is the kidney (urine). There are many excretory structures: skin (sweat), lungs (water vapor), but the main structure is the kidney (urine).

Parts of the Excretory (Urinary) System Kidneys - Get rid of urea, excess water, and some other waste materials which are eliminated in urine Kidneys - Get rid of urea, excess water, and some other waste materials which are eliminated in urine

Parts of the Excretory (Urinary) System Ureters - Tubes which connect each kidney to the bladder Ureters - Tubes which connect each kidney to the bladder Bladder - A saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is released from the body Bladder - A saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is released from the body Urethra - Tube through which urine passes before it is removed from the body. Urethra - Tube through which urine passes before it is removed from the body.

Nervous System Nervous System- Relays electrical signals through the body and directs behavior and movement. Nervous System- Relays electrical signals through the body and directs behavior and movement.

Nervous System Connections Along with the endocrine system, the nervous system also controls physiological processes, for example digestion, circulation, or movement. Along with the endocrine system, the nervous system also controls physiological processes, for example digestion, circulation, or movement.

Brain Brain - An organ of the central nervous system which controls and coordinates the body’s activities. Brain - An organ of the central nervous system which controls and coordinates the body’s activities. Three Parts of the Brain Cerebrum - controls thoughts, voluntary actions, and the senses Cerebrum - controls thoughts, voluntary actions, and the senses Cerebellum -helps with balance and coordination. Cerebellum -helps with balance and coordination. Brain stem - located at the base of the brain and controls vital and involuntary processes, for example, breathing, the beating of the heart, and digestion. Brain stem - located at the base of the brain and controls vital and involuntary processes, for example, breathing, the beating of the heart, and digestion.

Spinal Cord Spinal cord – Bundle of nerves that begins at the brain stem and continues down the center of the back. Spinal cord – Bundle of nerves that begins at the brain stem and continues down the center of the back. Connects with nerves outside the central nervous system and controls reflexes and directs sensations to the brain. Connects with nerves outside the central nervous system and controls reflexes and directs sensations to the brain.

Nerves Peripheral nerves - A network of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and connect to the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system is divided into groups called the motor and sensory nervous systems. Peripheral nerves - A network of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and connect to the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system is divided into groups called the motor and sensory nervous systems.

Muscular System Muscular System- Provides movement. Muscular System- Provides movement. Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility. Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility.

Muscular System Connections Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, for example the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system. Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, for example the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system. The muscular and skeletal systems work together to help the body move. The muscular and skeletal systems work together to help the body move.

Muscles Muscles Voluntary- move when you want them to Voluntary- move when you want them to Involuntary – move without you thinking about them Involuntary – move without you thinking about them

Three Types of Muscle Skeletal muscles – Voluntary muscles that are attached to bones and provide the force needed to move your bones Skeletal muscles – Voluntary muscles that are attached to bones and provide the force needed to move your bones Smooth muscles- Involuntary muscles that control many types of movement in the body (i.e, digestion) Smooth muscles- Involuntary muscles that control many types of movement in the body (i.e, digestion) Cardiac muscles - Involuntary muscle that forms the heart Cardiac muscles - Involuntary muscle that forms the heart

Skeletal System Skeletal System - Provides support for the body, protects delicate internal organs and provides attachment sites for the organs Skeletal System - Provides support for the body, protects delicate internal organs and provides attachment sites for the organs

Bones Bones - Provide shape and support for the body and protection for many organs and structures; some bones produce blood cells; some store minerals Bones - Provide shape and support for the body and protection for many organs and structures; some bones produce blood cells; some store minerals What system(s) connects to the skeletal system? What system(s) connects to the skeletal system?

Integumentary System Skin – or epidermis – covers your body and is the largest organ Skin – or epidermis – covers your body and is the largest organ

Functions of the Skin Covers the body and prevents the loss of water Covers the body and prevents the loss of water Protects the body from infection and injury Protects the body from infection and injury Regulates body temperature, Regulates body temperature, Excretes or gets rid of wastes (sweat) Excretes or gets rid of wastes (sweat) Receives information from the environment (senses touch, hot/cold, pain) Receives information from the environment (senses touch, hot/cold, pain) Produces vitamin D Produces vitamin D

Review – The relationships of the major body systems. Different organs systems in the human body function together and depend on one another for the human body to function successfully, even though each system performs its own unique function. Different organs systems in the human body function together and depend on one another for the human body to function successfully, even though each system performs its own unique function.

Review Connections Nervous System – controls all other systems Nervous System – controls all other systems Circulatory System-transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones, and wastes through the body. Circulatory System-transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones, and wastes through the body. Respiratory and Circulatory – take in and transport oxygen Respiratory and Circulatory – take in and transport oxygen

Review Connections Respiratory System- provides gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Respiratory System- provides gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Digestive System- breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. Digestive System- breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. Circulatory and Digestive systems - work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body. Circulatory and Digestive systems - work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body. Digestive and excretory systems - work together to take in materials your body needs and gets rid of wastes. Digestive and excretory systems - work together to take in materials your body needs and gets rid of wastes.

Review Connections Excretory System- filters out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. Excretory System- filters out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. Muscular System- provides movement. Muscular System- provides movement. Muscular and Skeletal systems - work together to help the body move Muscular and Skeletal systems - work together to help the body move Skeletal System- provides support for the body, protects delicate internal organs and provides attachment sites for the organs. Skeletal System- provides support for the body, protects delicate internal organs and provides attachment sites for the organs.

Effects of Disease on the Major Organs and Body Systems Disease - a condition that does not allow the body to function normally. Diseases can affect either an individual organ or an entire body system. Diseases can affect either an individual organ or an entire body system. Diseases are divided into two groups—infectious and noninfectious. Diseases are divided into two groups—infectious and noninfectious.

Infectious Disease Infectious diseases – diseases caused by a pathogen and spread an infected organism usually through direct contact (see below). Infectious diseases – diseases caused by a pathogen and spread an infected organism usually through direct contact (see below).

Pathogens Pathogens cause infectious diseases. Pathogens cause infectious diseases. Ex. pathogens can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists Ex. pathogens can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists Pathogens can come from: another person another person a contaminated object a contaminated object an animal bite an animal bite or the environment or the environment

Immune System Once a pathogen enters the body, it works by damaging individual cells within the organs or in some cases attacks an entire body system. Once a pathogen enters the body, it works by damaging individual cells within the organs or in some cases attacks an entire body system.

The Immune Response – How Your Body Defends Itself First Line of Defense Skin – keeps out pathogens Skin – keeps out pathogens Mucous Membranes – (nose, throat, ears, eyes) -traps pathogens with sticky fluid (mucous/snot) Mucous Membranes – (nose, throat, ears, eyes) -traps pathogens with sticky fluid (mucous/snot) Cilia - (nose/throat) - filters out pathogens Cilia - (nose/throat) - filters out pathogens

The Immune Response – How Your Body Defends Itself Second Line of Defense Inflammation – swelling – rushes blood to infected area to get white blood cells there to kill the pathogen Inflammation – swelling – rushes blood to infected area to get white blood cells there to kill the pathogen Fever – temperature goes up to kill pathogens Fever – temperature goes up to kill pathogens

The Immune Response – How Your Body Defends Itself Other Defenses White blood cells – attack and eat invading pathogens White blood cells – attack and eat invading pathogens Interferon – chemical body makes to “interfere” with a virus Interferon – chemical body makes to “interfere” with a virus Antibodies – protein produced in response to invading pathogen, take up space on a cell where virus normally attaches Antibodies – protein produced in response to invading pathogen, take up space on a cell where virus normally attaches

Symptoms Symptoms – things you can name that tells you that you are sick ex. Sore throat, fever, chills, rash, pain Symptoms – things you can name that tells you that you are sick ex. Sore throat, fever, chills, rash, pain

Protection from Pathogens #1 Protection method - Trying not to “catch” them in the first place – wash your hands, don’t take risks (eat/drink after another person), don’t puncture skin with dirty object #1 Protection method - Trying not to “catch” them in the first place – wash your hands, don’t take risks (eat/drink after another person), don’t puncture skin with dirty object

Protection from Pathogens Vaccines – Prevent some viruses from making you sick Vaccines – Prevent some viruses from making you sick Ex. Chicken pox, small pox, mumps, rabies, tetanus Ex. Chicken pox, small pox, mumps, rabies, tetanus

Protection from Pathogens Antibiotics – if you get sick with some types of bacteria antibiotics will kill them Antibiotics – if you get sick with some types of bacteria antibiotics will kill them Ex. Penicillin for strep throat Ex. Penicillin for strep throat Antibiotics do not kill viruses. Bacteria can become used to antibiotics so stronger antibiotics have to be used to kill them. Antibiotics do not kill viruses. Bacteria can become used to antibiotics so stronger antibiotics have to be used to kill them.

Infectious Diseases Colds Colds Flu Flu Strep Throat Strep Throat Athlete’s Foot Athlete’s Foot AIDS AIDS

Colds Colds - (virus) A common cold is an infection located in the respiratory system. Cold viruses can only reproduce when they are inside living cells. Cold viruses can only reproduce when they are inside living cells. Cold viruses cannot reproduce on environmental surfaces (doorknobs) Cold viruses cannot reproduce on environmental surfaces (doorknobs) Can be infectious and transported from environmental surfaces to the nose or mouth. Can be infectious and transported from environmental surfaces to the nose or mouth.

Flu Flu or Influenza – (virus) a highly contagious infection of the respiratory system. Flu or Influenza – (virus) a highly contagious infection of the respiratory system. Symptoms: fever, muscle aches, and a more severe cough than the common cold and usually last longer. Symptoms: fever, muscle aches, and a more severe cough than the common cold and usually last longer.

Strep Throat Strep throat - (bacterial) a contagious infection of the throat Strep throat - (bacterial) a contagious infection of the throat Symptoms include fever, pain, redness, and swelling of the throat and tonsils. Symptoms include fever, pain, redness, and swelling of the throat and tonsils. Strep throat may produce mild or severe symptoms. Strep throat may produce mild or severe symptoms.

Athlete’s Foot Athlete’s foot (fungus) infection of the skin of the feet. Athlete’s foot (fungus) infection of the skin of the feet. Fungus contracted from public environments and then grows in the warm and moist environment usually between the toes Fungus contracted from public environments and then grows in the warm and moist environment usually between the toes Can be difficult to get rid of without medicine Can be difficult to get rid of without medicine

AIDS AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) – (virus) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) – (virus) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Virus attacks the cells in the immune system making the organism unable to fight off other pathogens that may attack the body. Virus attacks the cells in the immune system making the organism unable to fight off other pathogens that may attack the body.

Noninfectious Diseases Noninfectious diseases are diseases that are not caused by pathogens in the body and are not spread from organism to organism. Noninfectious diseases are diseases that are not caused by pathogens in the body and are not spread from organism to organism.Examples: Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease Allergies Allergies Diabetes Diabetes Cancer Cancer

Diabetes Diabetes - Results in the glucose, or sugar, level of the blood being higher than the normal range. Diabetes - Results in the glucose, or sugar, level of the blood being higher than the normal range. Caused by a person’s inability to either produce or use properly a natural chemical produced in the body called insulin. Caused by a person’s inability to either produce or use properly a natural chemical produced in the body called insulin.

Diabetes The higher level of blood sugar results many disorders of the body, for example it increases problems with circulation of blood, and it can lead to kidney disease and heart disease, or cause vision problems. The higher level of blood sugar results many disorders of the body, for example it increases problems with circulation of blood, and it can lead to kidney disease and heart disease, or cause vision problems.

Diabetes Dialysis –a temporary treatment for kidney failure Dialysis –a temporary treatment for kidney failure

Asthma Asthma - affects the lungs and the airways that deliver air to the lungs. Asthma - affects the lungs and the airways that deliver air to the lungs.

Asthma Causes periodic attacks of wheezing and difficult breathing. Causes periodic attacks of wheezing and difficult breathing. An asthma attack occurs when the airways become inflamed in response to a trigger, such as dust, mold, pets, exercise, or cold weather. However, some attacks start for no apparent reason An asthma attack occurs when the airways become inflamed in response to a trigger, such as dust, mold, pets, exercise, or cold weather. However, some attacks start for no apparent reason

Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease - Certain nerve cells in the brain die or become damaged. Parkinson’s disease - Certain nerve cells in the brain die or become damaged.

Parkinson’s Disease Does not affect everyone the same way Does not affect everyone the same way Some people develop the disease quickly, in others it does not. Some people develop the disease quickly, in others it does not. Some people become severely disabled others experience only minor motor disruptions. Some people become severely disabled others experience only minor motor disruptions.

Parkinson’s Disease Tremor is the major symptom for some people, while for others tremor is only a minor complaint and different symptoms are more troublesome. Tremor is the major symptom for some people, while for others tremor is only a minor complaint and different symptoms are more troublesome. At present, there is no cure for Parkinson's disease. At present, there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.

Skin Cancer Skin Cancer - Cancer cells are found in the outer layers of your skin. Skin Cancer - Cancer cells are found in the outer layers of your skin.

Skin Cancer Your skin protects your body against heat, light, infection, and injury. Your skin protects your body against heat, light, infection, and injury. It also stores water, fat, and vitamin D. It also stores water, fat, and vitamin D. Sunburn and UV light can damage your skin, and this damage can lead to skin cancer. Sunburn and UV light can damage your skin, and this damage can lead to skin cancer. However, there are other determining factors, including heredity and the environment. However, there are other determining factors, including heredity and the environment.