History and Development of the Discipline What is Human Geography?

Objective “Culturally literate global citizens” “Culturally literate global citizens” What does that mean? What does that mean? Today’s students will have 20 jobs in 10 countries. Today’s students will have 20 jobs in 10 countries.

Review B.C.E. B.C.E. C.E. C.E. c1500 c1500 Industrialized Industrialized Developing Developing Underdeveloped Underdeveloped Middle East Middle East Far East Far East East Indies East Indies Before Common Era B.C. Common Era A.D. circa More Developed Newly Industrialized Less Developed All from #1 England “West Indies”

Geographic Study ESPN Economic Social Political eNvironmental HIE Archaic word “to hurry” = to be developed = H – healthcare I – infrastructure E – education [esp. of women]

Geographers While historians look at how the world has changed through time, geographers look at how the world changes over space. While historians look at how the world has changed through time, geographers look at how the world changes over space. The “Why of Where?” The “Why of Where?” Place and Location Place and Location Spatial perspective – The way places and things are arranged and organized on the Earth’s surface Spatial perspective – The way places and things are arranged and organized on the Earth’s surface

Satellite Image

During the past 3,000 years The first geographers studied places and regions for an entirely practical purpose. The first geographers studied places and regions for an entirely practical purpose. Interested in trade routes to distant and often dangerous lands. Interested in trade routes to distant and often dangerous lands. Literally lost Literally lost Who took the lead? Who took the lead? Chinese Chinese Greeks Greeks North Africans North Africans

Hegemonic Power Culturally, socially, economically, militarily Culturally, socially, economically, militarily 622 C.E. = Islam began 622 C.E. = Islam began C.E. = Moors [Muslims] C.E. = Moors [Muslims] 1492 – 1588 C.E. = Spain 1492 – 1588 C.E. = Spain 1588 – 1945 C.E. = U.K. [Queen Victoria = Sun never sets on the British Empire] 1588 – 1945 C.E. = U.K. [Queen Victoria = Sun never sets on the British Empire] 1945 – 1991 C.E. = U.S. and Soviet Union 1945 – 1991 C.E. = U.S. and Soviet Union 1991 – present = U.S – present = U.S.

The World

Important Map Features Title Title Date Date Direction Direction Scale Scale Key Key

Early World Map - c550 – 480 B.C.E. - Hecataeus – Early Greek historian - What looks familiar?

Babylonian Map - c700 – 500 B.C.E. - Ancient city-state in present-day Iraq - Mesopotamia - Babylon in the center, surrounded by 8 regions - - Cuneiform descriptions of the regions.

Early Geographers Eratosthenes Eratosthenes Earth’s circumference Earth’s circumference Coined the term “geography” Coined the term “geography” = “earth-writing” = “earth-writing” Ptolemy [lived 500 years after Eratosthenes] Ptolemy [lived 500 years after Eratosthenes] Guide to Geography – recalculated circumference of Earth Guide to Geography – recalculated circumference of Earth 16,000 miles [about 9,000 short] 16,000 miles [about 9,000 short] A Global Grid system A Global Grid system George Perkins Marsh – 19th century geographer George Perkins Marsh – 19th century geographer Emphasized human destruction of the environment Emphasized human destruction of the environment Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent > barren desert Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent > barren desert

Carl Sauer [ ] University of California at Berkeley, 1925 University of California at Berkeley, 1925 Cultural Landscapes Cultural Landscapes Products of complex interactions between humans and their environments. Products of complex interactions between humans and their environments. Should be fundamental focus of geographic inquiry. Should be fundamental focus of geographic inquiry. Also referred to as environmental geography Also referred to as environmental geography

W.D. Pattison [1964 – University of Chicago] Geography draws from 4 distinct traditions: Geography draws from 4 distinct traditions: 1. Earth-Science [ Physical Geography ] 1. Earth-Science [ Physical Geography ] 2. Culture-Environment [ Environmental Geography ] 2. Culture-Environment [ Environmental Geography ] 3. Locational [ analysis of spatial data ] 3. Locational [ analysis of spatial data ] 4. Area-analysis [ Regional Geography ] 4. Area-analysis [ Regional Geography ]

5 Themes National Geographic Society National Geographic Society 1980’s 1980’s Location Location Place Place Human Environment Interaction Human Environment Interaction Movement Movement Region Region

Use of Maps Map Projections Map Projections Distortion: size, shape, distance, direction Distortion: size, shape, distance, direction Projections: cylindrical, conic, azmuthal Projections: cylindrical, conic, azmuthal

Mercator Projection - Direction is true - Aided Navigators - 1 st for navigation between Europe and the Americas - Rhumb lines [loxodromes] – lines of constant compass bearing- true direction

Robinson Projection - An attempt to balance all distortions - Errors in all four areas - Often used for wall maps in classrooms

Peters Projection - Focuses on keeping land masses equal in area - Shape is distorted - This one: Standard of living line

Chloropleth A map showing the distribution of a phenomenon, usually using various colors; color gradations are correlated to the density per unit area of the phenomenon

Cartogram

Contour maps Contour lines Contour lines Isolines Isolines

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Map Scale Scale: Scale: Fraction: 1/10,000 Fraction: 1/10,000 Ratio: 1:10,000 Ratio: 1:10,000 Graphic bar scale Graphic bar scale Words Words

Globalization Space-Time Compression Space-Time Compression With communication and transportation With communication and transportation Local-Global Continuum Local-Global different different scales Ex: Chernobyl Ex: Chernobyl Local Local Then Europe Then Europe Then Global Then Global

Time Zones - Generally, 15* of longitude = 1 time zone - Time zone =‘s region that uses “local time” for the entire area - China has 1 time zone - “Solar time” before time zones – RR and communication advancements made this a problem - Needed to be standardized

Regions Formal [uniform] Formal [uniform] Area of striking similarities in terms of one or a few physical or cultural features. Area of striking similarities in terms of one or a few physical or cultural features. Functional [nodal] Functional [nodal] Area organized around core areas Area organized around core areas Characteristics lessen as you travel into periphery Characteristics lessen as you travel into periphery Perceptual [vernacular] Perceptual [vernacular] Reflects feelings in identity Reflects feelings in identity

Perceptual [vernacular]

Places Globalization Globalization Space-time compression Space-time compression Brought closer through faster transportation and communication Brought closer through faster transportation and communication Multi-national corporations Multi-national corporations Coca-cola, McDonald’s, etc. Coca-cola, McDonald’s, etc. Operate in many parts of the globe. Operate in many parts of the globe.

Algiers, has one of the highest per capita ownership of satellite dishes.

Globalization of Economy

Space-Time Compression

High Tech Tools Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Spatial data at a particular point in time Spatial data at a particular point in time Global Positioning System Global Positioning System Geographical Information Systems Geographical Information Systems Thematic layers Thematic layers

GIS

Census Bureau Census count every 10 years. Census count every 10 years. Problems: Problems: 7 Billion by UN – not Census Bureau 7 Billion by UN – not Census Bureau Most difficult to count people without permanent residence. Most difficult to count people without permanent residence.

Census taking in China