Georgia as Part of a New Country Chapter 5: Georgia as Part of a New Country

Post-Revolutionary Georgia Economics and Agriculture Cotton, Tobacco, Rice, Indigo… War brought financial chaos Money, banks, trade… Rise of the plantation Panic of 1837: Inflation: rapid price increase Depression: period of sharp economic downturn Banks, businesses, and farms failed

Post-Revolutionary Georgia Transportation Building of railroads (early 1800s) Shortened travel time Horses, boats and stage coaches Roads had been old Indian footpaths Plank Roads: logs spread across wet areas Turnpikes (Toll roads): Highways built by Federal government 1830-1840—Increase of railroad tracks Southern End: Terminus (Atlanta)

Post-Revolutionary Georgia Religion Churches grew in size and importance Anglican, Quakers, Baptists, Methodists… 1787: Springfield Baptist founded by free blacks Jewish synagogue established in Savannah 1796: 1st Catholic church in Wilkes County 1801: Savannah Sunday and weekday services Buildings used as town meetings

Post-Revolutionary Georgia Education Slow growth; many not schooled 1784: set aside and land and named trustees for a state college Land Grant University: federal gave land 1785: University of Georgia (Oldest) 1786: Georgia Legislature required all counties to open schools Wealthy could afford colleges Females rated very low The building of the University of Georgia

Post-Revolutionary Georgia Frontier and Town Societies Frontier: undeveloped/unsettled lands in West & Central Georgia Trading Posts the only stores Homesteads under attack from Indians and British loyalists (Tories) Newspapers kept citizens informed Theatres, debating societies, concerts, libraries, horse racing… Food recipes passed down through the generations Hospitals, orphanages, communities for special needs

Post-Revolutionary Georgia Eli Whitney Cyrus McCormick Technology and Medicine Eli Whitney: cotton gin Cyrus McCormick: mechanical reaper Dr. Crawford Long: ether-a chemical to help numb a patient during medical practices such as surgery Railroads Highways

Articles of Confederation First attempt at a governing document. Created a weak national government with the emphasis on STATES’ RIGHTS: a loose union where the state maintained its own sovereignty, freedom, and independence “…a firm league of friendship with each other…” One house legislature (Unicameral) Confederation Congress Each State had ONE vote 9 out 13 states had to approve any decision

Federal Gov’t Powers Powers of Congress Declare war Coin money Establish Post Offices Send and recall ambassadors Congress could NOT Levy taxes Impose or place upon Regulate or control trade of goods Tariffs were set by the states Taxes on imported goods No Judicial or Executive (President) branches

Constitutional Convention Began as a way for the large states to discuss trade issues. Met SECRETLY in Philadelphia (1787). 55 Delegates Every state but Rhode Island Wealthy, respected, merchants, physicians, generals, governors, lawyers… George Washington— Chairman James Madison— ”Father of the Constitution Drafted much of the final copy James Madison

The Virginia Plan State Pop DL 59 NC 394 GA 83 VA 692 NJ 184 NY 340 RI Small Large Large States Proposed by Governor Edmund Randolph (Virginia) Included the following: 3 Branches of government Checks and balances Bicameral legislature Membership based on free population of state Legislature chooses executive Make laws Set up the courts Small states felt this gave far too much power to the Larger states State Pop DL 59 NC 394 GA 83 VA 692 NJ 184 NY 340 RI 69 PA 434 NH 142 MD 320 SC 249 MA 379 CT 238 Chart is in thousands

The New Jersey Plan Small States Wanted to change very little about the Articles of Confederation. Unicameral legislature Each state would have equal representation. Allow Congress to tax nation’s citizens Edmund Randolph

Connecticut (Small State) Roger Sherman, Connecticut The Great Compromise Connecticut (Small State) Took ideas from both plans and constructed what we now know as the Constitution. Compromise: a way to settle disagreements in which each side gives way a little in it’s demands Created a bicameral (two house) legislature: Senate: upper house…each state has 2 members House of Representatives: lower house…by state population Roger Sherman, Connecticut

Secondary Convention Issues Slavery Three-fifths Compromise: 3/5 of the states slave population could count towards the overall population i.e..5000 slaves in a state=3000 counted towards that states population The U.S. Constitution does NOT mention slavery An agreement was made that in 20 years (1807) importation of slaves would stop Fugitive Workers Clause: Runaway slaves must be returned to their masters Representation House of Representatives: popular vote Senate: selected by the state legislature President: Electoral vote Commander-in-Chief of U.S. armed forces Responsible for relations with other countries 4 year term What made the Constitution a great document was that it allowed for changes as the country grew (Amendment Process) Amend: to change without having to rewrite (Bill of Rights: 1st Ten)

Constitutional Facts Georgia Signers: Abraham Baldwin and William Few 9 States needed to ratify (approve) the Constitution: Delaware: 1st to ratify Constitution Georgia: 4th to ratify Constitution (Jan. 2, 1788) Rhode Island: last to ratify Constitution (1790) Wanted all (Large) states to ratify before they signed. George Washington: 1st President of U.S. (Aug. 30, 1789)

Post-Revolutionary Georgia 1785: Georgia’s capital moved from Savannah to Augusta Met to change state constitution to be more like United States (1789) Bicameral Legislature General Assembly Historic Augusta

Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello United States Events Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello 1803: Louisiana Purchase— Thomas Jefferson (3rd President) bought the Louisiana Territory (Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains) for $15 million from France. France needed the money to fight the war in Europe against Britain Britain impressed (took) American sailors and forced them into the British navy Jefferson began an embargo of Britain (Ignored by merchants) Stopped all trade with… Britain was viewed worse than France due to their control of the Atlantic, impression, and their alliance with the Indians

War of 1812 Warhawks pushed the U.S. government to go to war with Great Britain Southern and Western frontiersmen and land owners June 1812: James Madison asked Congress to declare war 1814: British forces invaded Washington D.C. Burned the Capitol and White House Treaty of Ghent: ended the war returned everything to the way it was before the war Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson fought and defeated British forces AFTER the treaty was signed Battle of New Orleans Treaty of Ghent

Battle of Horseshoe Bend Tallapoosa River In Alabama Georgia in the War of 1812 March 1814: Andrew Jackson defeated a band of Upper Creek Indians, known as Red Sticks, in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, on the Tallapoosa River

Treaty of Ghent Ghent a city in Belgium United States received NO new territory Proved to the rest of the world that the U.S. was willing to fight for it’s continued independence States began to feel united as one nation Economy changed Industry grew

Land and Westward Movement With the defeat of the British and their Indian allies, came the desire of the U.S. and its citizens to move west. West is central/western present day Georgia and the Alabama/Mississippi territory. Public Domain Lands: belonging to state or federal government Headright System: each white male counted as a ‘head’ and could receive up to 1000 acres Land east of the Oconee River Land Lottery: for a fee, white males over 21 could buy a chance to win land

Yazoo Land Fraud A scam by the Georgia Legislature and Governor George Matthews in which 4 land companies BRIBED them to sell land at a reduced rate Results People involved were thrown out of office Money returned to state Indians were forced off their land Georgia lost a large part of it’s land (Alabama and Mississippi Territory) Chattahoochee River becomes western boundary of Georgia Federal Government gave Georgia money and promised to help with Indian removal TRAIL OF TEARS

CREDITS I Page 2: http://asms.k12.ar.us/armem/99-00/coffmanc/moremar.htm Page 3: http://members.tripod.com/~csxsafety/mypage2.htm Page 3: http://www.stagecoach.bz/new_page_1.htm Page 5: http://www.uga.edu/profile/history.html Page 6: http://ngeorgia.com/history/lotteries.html Page 7: http://www.eliwhitney.org/ Page 7: http://www.vaes.vt.edu/steeles/mccormick/bio.html Page 10: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/ Page 10: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jm4.html Page 12: http://rs6.loc.gov/ammem/bdsds/randolph.html Page 13: http://www.ctssar.org/patriots/roger_sherman.htm Page 15: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/baldwin.htm Page 15: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/few.htm Page 16: http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=7789 Page 17: http://gatewayno.com/history/LaPurchase.html

CREDITS II Page 17: http://www.monticello.org/