4

Initiating Reproduction: Photoperiod Gonads enlarge when artificial day > 10 hrs

Initiating Reproduction: Air Temperature Cold snap early in breeding season delays nesting Emperor Pengun Egg laid when temp -30o F Sperm production reduced at lower temperatures

Initiating Reproduction: Rainfall Nesting occurs 10-14 days after heavy spring rain Heavy rains in July often initiate second nesting

Initiating Reproduction: Food Nesting initiated any time of year. Corresponds to Cone Irruption

Male Reproductive Condition

Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004

Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Secretes Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone into Anterior Pituitary (GnRH) Anterior Pituitary Secretes Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) into Circulatory System Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004

Stimulation of Testes Development Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulate Testes / Sperm Development Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates Testosterone Production

Wingfield and Hahn (1994).

TESTOSTERONE: Negative Feedback

http://www. wtamu. edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive.jpg

Spermatogenesis

Bird Sperm Fig. 4-108 in Podulka et al. 2004

Detecting Male Reproductive Condition: Cloacal Protuberance (Passerines) Cloacal Region becomes Swollen during the Reproductive Season Fig. 4-109 in Podulka et al. 2004

Male Reproductive Anatomy Deferent Duct (Vas Deferens) Seminal Vesicle Papilla

Ostrich Goose Lake Duck Cloacal Phallus = “Penis” (Waterfowl, Ratites, Red-Billed Buffalo Weaver) Ostrich Goose Lake Duck

Cloacal Phallus = “Penis” (Waterfowl, Ratites) Fig. 14-12 in Gill et al. 2007

Relationship to Mammalian Penis Bird “Penis”: Relationship to Mammalian Penis 9 Fig. 4-71 in Podulka et al. 2004

Cloacal Phallus = “Penis” (Red-Billed Buffalo Weaver) Prolonged Rubbing (10-20 Minutes) Stimulates Female (Enhanced Sperm Transfer?)

Female: Ovary, Oviduct

Control of Ovary Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Secretes Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone into Anterior Pituitary (GnRH) Anterior Pituitary Secretes Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) into Circulatory System Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004

Stimulation of Ovary Development (Usually, Left Ovary Only; Some Raptors: Both) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulates Ovary Development and Follicle/Egg Production Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates Ovulation and Progesterone Production

Ovary Oviduct Cloaca Female Reproductive Anatomy Fig. 4-111 in Podulka et al. 2004

Ovum (Gamete) Maturation (Oogenesis) (Meiosis Partially Completed at Birth)

Follicles (Contain Immature Eggs) in Ovary http://www.soupsong.com/ova.jpg

Follicle Maturation and Ovulation Infundibulum Raises Up, Swallows Egg Fig. 4-111 in Podulka et al. 2004

Copulation 5 3 (“Cloacal Kiss”, Insemination)

Copulation: Acrobatics (Swift) (Flamingo) Aerial Copulation Head in the Water

Copulation: Endurance 500 Copulations per Clutch 25 Minute Continuous Copulation (Goshawk) (Aquatic Warbler)

Copulation (Papillae Contact Openings of Oviduct)

Oviduct Opening to Infundibulum “The Long and Winding Road” Oviduct Opening to Infundibulum (Top Speed: < 30 Minutes)

Fertilization

Sperm Production Rooster: 7-8 Billion Sperm / Ejaculation

Fertilization: Sperm-Storage Tubules Fig. 14-13 in Gill 2007 Fig. 14-17 in Gill 2007

(Frequently, Shared Parental Care) Avian Breeding Systems Monogamy (Frequently, Shared Parental Care) “Well over 9/10’s of all passerine subfamilies are normally monogamous. ..Polyandry [multiple mates] is unknown” David Lack, 1968

Pair-Bond EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION (Outside the Pair Bond) Only 14% of Socially Monogamous Bird Species Studied to Date are Genetically Monogamous

Fertilization: Sperm Competition Strategies Frequent Copulations Large Testes High Quantity Mate Guarding Long Sperm

Fertilization: Sperm Competition Strategies Dunnock Male Pecks at Female Cloaca until Competitors Sperm Ejected Fig. 14-10 in Gill 2007

Frequency of Extra-Pair Bonds (130 Bird Species) More than 50% of Tree Swallow Nestlings can be Sired by Extra-Pair Copulations Fig. 12-21 in Gill 2007

EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION: (Why?) Females increase fitness by improving quality of offspring Blue Tits Engage in Extra-Pair Copulations with Distant, Genetically Different Males. These Offspring more likely to survive winter than offspring of Social Mate

Resource Defense Polygyny AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY Resource Defense Polygyny

AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY Female-Defense Polygyny

Lek Polygyny AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY Defend Display Territory rather than Valuable Resource Difficult to Explain

AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYANDRY A female courts male until it mates. Male raises the clutch. Female moves on to look for another male with which to breed.

AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYANDRY

1 http://www.penguin-quilts.com/IMAGES/MATING.JPG 2 http://scienceblogs.com/retrospectacle/mating%20close.JPG 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/1/11/ 20071013152142!House_Sparrows_mating_I_IMG_0066.jpg 4 http://www.jennifermarohasy.com/blog/archives/Cassowaries%20Mating% 20blog.JPG 5 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/430750607_364fcc6c09.jpg 6 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/gullsmating.jpg 7 http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/CloacalProtuberance02.jpg 8 http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/5/215794/12007_medium.jpg 9 http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2008/03/29/majviagra_narrowweb__ 300x420,0.jpg 10 http://www.backyardbirdcam.com/gallery/sparrow-house-f-lg2.jpg 11 http://www.nps.gov/archive/whsa/bird%20list/house%20sparrow.jpg

12 http://www.bto.org/nnbw/nesting_birds/images/house_sparrow.jpg 13 http://aishah776.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/dscn1144.jpg 14 http://www.parismina.com/images/turtle2.jpg 15 http://www.naturealmanac.com/archive/wild_turkey/pics/turkey-nest.jpg 16 http://www.kabri.net/tikey%20baby.JPG 17 http://www.cookiemadness.net/egg%20whites.jpg 18 http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-16420777.jpg?size=572&uid= %7B2C5DEB80-2648-428F-AFD3-94E59299B98D%7D 19 http://feredayisland.co.nz/Pictures/beat_egg_yolk.jpg 20 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19510.jpg 21 http://www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au/cartoons/new/2002-20-23%20Bali%20 Indonesia%20Bashir%20gets%20bile%20drip%20520.JPG 22 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/phycobilins.gif 23 http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/20/assets/images/Cyanea.jpg

24 http://www.walesbiomass.org/images/2.2.2-Song-Thrush-Eggs.jpg 25 http://www.isledegrande.com/gi-ncnature/redwingedblackbirdeggs-9.jpg 26 http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0177.jpg 27 http://www.audubon.org/bird/puffin/virtual/pics/tern_w_two_chicks.jpg 28 http://www.londons-swifts.org.uk/GC_Swifts_mating%20(5).jpg