Mammal + ology = ? Mammalology ? Mammology ? Mammalogy !!!

Mammalian diversity 28 Extant (living) Orders 153 Families 1230 Genera 5,420 Species So what is classification? Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Subspecies Why do we use it?:

Is that a lot,? Amphibians4,020 species Reptiles6,600 species Birds10,000 species Fish25,000 species 250,000 described plants 1,000,000 described insects

So, not impressed? Cenozoic is often called “The Age of Mammals” Mammals are the most geographically widespread and morphologically diverse group of vertebrates

Largest range of body sizes Smallest: Etruscan shrew or bumblebee bat, 2 g Largest terrestrial: African elephant, 16,000 pounds Largest ever vertebrate: Blue whale, 300,000 pounds!!!!

Circle the largest animal……

Mammals have diverse habitats. Terrestrial, Aboreal (in trees)

In the air

And under the ground: Subterranean Star mole: A mammal in the rodent family found in swamps and marshes in North America

In the water: aquatic

Truly aquatic

True or false? Mammals evolved before the dinosaurs. Trivia:

True! Circle where mammals first “evolve” Make a box around when mammals show the greatest diversity

So, what makes it a mammal? Lactogenic: produces milk to feed young Viviparous: live birth* Hirsute: epidermis has hair* Endothermic homeothermy: produces heat metabolically instead of absorbing it from environment, regulates body temp at a stable level* But lots of other things, too....

Selected skeletal features Stronger jaw structure (single bony element in lower jaw = dentary; stronger, simpler jaw. Improved hearing (3 ear ossicles = malleus, incus, stapes; Secondary hard palate (more efficient air flow, allows breathing while eating, suckling) Specialized teeth (restricted to margin of jaw; process food better.

Why would it be better to have a hard palate separating the mouth and nose?_______ ____________ ____________ ____________ _____

5 zones of vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal) WHY??? Double occipital condyles (reduces stress on spine, finer control of head movements) Thoracic ribs only (no cervical or lumbar ribs; lighter skeleton, more flexible movement of spine) Vertebrae certain adaptations of vertebral column while permitting flexion/extension and torque General trend to decrease complexity and number of bones; Less energy required for development and maintenance of skeleton, lighter frame for quicker movement

4-chambered heart (improved circulation, better oxygen delivery) Enucleated red blood cells (carry more oxygen) Highest concentration of mitochondria (supports higher metabolic rate) Large complex lungs, muscular diaphragm (enhanced breathing, gas exchange rate) Masseter muscles associated with jaw (new set of muscles in mammals for greater control of jaw movements) Sweat and sebaceous glands (aid thermoregulation) Enlarged neopallium (cerebral hemispheres of brain, greater coordination and learning ability)

Sustained energy production More or less related to a general trend for a greater capacity for sustained energy production, which is essential for endothermic homeothermy at high body temperatures, and high levels of activity.

A quick dash through the extant (living) mammalian orders....

Monotremata (monotremes) 2 Families, 5 species

Mostly South American marsupials 3 Orders, 3 Families, 21 species

Mostly Australian and New Guinean Marsupials 4 Orders, 18 Families, 237 species

Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs) 2 Families, 51 species Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) 1 Family, 15 species

Tubulidentata (aardvark) 1 Family, 1 species Hyracoidea (hyraxes) 1 Family, 4 species

Proboscidea (elephants) 1 Family, 3 species Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) 2 Families, 5 species

Cingulata (armadillos) 1 Family, 21 species Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) 4 Families, 10 species

Scandentia (tree shrews) 2 Families, 20 species Dermoptera (colugos) 1 Family, 2 species

Primates (lemurs, lorises, monkeys, apes, students, etc.) 15 Families, 376 species

Rodentia (rodents) 31 Families, 2277 species Half of all mammal species!

Lagomorpha (rabbits and pikas) 3 Families, 92 species Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs) 1 Family, 24 species

Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, solenodons) 4 Families, 428 species

Chiroptera (bats) 18 Families, 1116 species > 20% of mammal species!

Pholidota (pangolins) 1 Family, 8 species

Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, mustelids, pinnipeds, raccoons, etc) 15 Families, 286 species

Perissodactyla (horses, rhinos, tapirs) 3 Families, 17 species

Artiodactyla (pigs, hippos, camels, deer, giraffes, antelopes, cattle, goats, sheep, etc.) 10 Families, 240 species

Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises) 11 Families, 84 species

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