Slide title In CAPITALS 50 pt Slide subtitle 32 pt Dynamic and Persistent Scheduling for Voice over IP Traffic in the Long-Term Evolution Uplink Master’s Thesis Presentation Author: Mira Heiskari Supervisor: Professor Riku Jäntti Instructor: M.Sc. (Tech.) Anna Larmo Oy L M Ericsson Ab, Jorvas, Finland
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Agenda Long-Term Evolution Voice over IP Uplink Scheduling Background and Goals Simulation Setup Simulation Results Conclusions Future Work
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Long-Term Evolution (LTE) An evolution of the 3G WCDMA technology, currently under specification process in the 3GPP The recommendations are estimated to be ready by September 2007 First live networks are expected to come to markets in Target data rates for LTE: around 100 Mbps in the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink Main changes compared to today networks: –Simplified network architecture less interfaces –Support for packet-switched domain only –Reduced control and user plane latencies –Multi-antenna solutions
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Voice over IP (VoIP) VoIP is a general term for delivering speech traffic using the Internet Protocol (IP) on the network layer Speech frames are packed to IP packets, and then sent over the packet-switched network to the receiver LTE has only packet-switched domain VoIP is a suitable technology for transferring speech in LTE networks In VoIP traffic, the speech packet that needs to be scheduled and transmitted comes every 20 ms
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Uplink (UL) Scheduling The UL scheduler monitors the users’ requests and distributes the available resources among various users The scheduler has only limited information about the UE’s demands Example of dynamic scheduling Example of persistent scheduling
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Background and Goals 3GPP standardization organization is planning to make the scheduling in LTE more effective Based on theoretical calculations done in the thesis, signaling load could be reduced significantly with persistent scheduling –In dynamic scheduling, the resources are distributed in 1 ms intervals –In persistent scheduling, longer transmission period is allocated for user with the one grant –Persistent grant could be valid for a continuous or discontinuous time for a specified frequency domain resource –Also modulation and coding scheme would be persistent throughout the validity time of the grant (i.e., link adaptation disabled) How the persistent scheduling will effect to the traffic performance of a user? The practical part of the thesis was done with computer simulations
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Simulation Setup The simulations were done with a detailed LTE network simulation tool developed by Ericsson Research The author of the thesis implemented the scheduling patterns used in the simulations for the persistently scheduled users One user moving slowly in a single-cell network no handovers or interference from others The simulations investigated the effects of uplink scheduling patterns to the traffic performance in terms of: –Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) retransmissions –Delay –Number of used sub-frequency bands –Used modulations
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Simulation Scenarios There were three simulation cases: 1)Dynamic scheduling 2)Persistent scheduling with fixed Transport Block size (TbSize) 316 bits 3)Persistent scheduling with fixed TbSize 355 bits All cases were tested with max. 2 and 5 HARQ retransmissions In dynamic scheduling, the user got a scheduling grant with updated link adaptation (LA) parameters every 20 ms In persistent scheduling, the LA parameters were saved when sending the first VoIP packet, and the same parameters were used throughout the whole call The persistent scheduling pattern was granted for the whole duration of a VoIP call during the first VoIP packet only one signaling message needed
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Results The number of used HARQ retransmissions were significantly larger for the persistently scheduled users
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Conclusions The results showed quite clearly that the persistent user experienced worse results in all examined areas, even in a simple simulation scenario All (persistently scheduled) users had a good link quality in the beginning The lack of link adaptation for the persistently scheduled users was the main reason for lower traffic performance results Fixed parameters used in the persistent scheduling should be selected for a poorer link quality, in order to have better traffic performance for the users, when the link quality decreases Scheduling grant should be given for a shorter period, not for the whole duration of the call link adaptation would exist with certain frequency
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB Future Work Developments for simulations: –number of users –number of cells –varying the mobility of the users Before planning the simulation parameters more exact, the scheduling patterns should be modified to more flexible direction, in order to get better results Different resource allocation methods than dynamic scheduling for other traffic types (e.g., Web traffic)
Top right corner for field-mark, customer or partner logotypes. See Best practice for example. Slide title 40 pt Slide subtitle 24 pt Text 24 pt Bullets level pt © Ericsson AB