Chapter Twelve Crimes Involving Illegal Immigrants, The Mob, Hate, and Youth

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 2 Policing Our Borders According to the Center for Immigration Studies January 2000 there were 7 million illegal aliens in the US Illegal alien population estimated at 10 million in 2007 Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Within Department of Homeland Security

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 3 Policing Our Borders Responsible for guarding 7,000 miles of land border and 2,000 miles of coastal waters 11,000 CBP agents and 18,000 CBP officers Deploying modern technology, strengthening border infrastructure, increasing the number of highly trained law enforcement personnel

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 4 Policing Our Borders New Terrorist Watch Program U. S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) 24 million foreigners are expected to be checked at nation’s airports annually Check against terrorist lists and national database

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 5 Policing Our Borders U.S. Southwestern Border 700 mile fence Over $1.2 billion Congress also passed a DHS bill that included $380 million to hire 1,500 more CBP agents and money to build detention facilities

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 6 Policing Our Borders One crime that has been disproportionately associated with undocumented migrants in the Southwest is drug trafficking Police officials say this is a false impression Aliens are a prime target for criminals

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 7 Policing Our Borders “Coyotes” – people sellers “Vendepollo” – work the streets in Mexico looking for new clients “Brincador” – guides migrants across the border Operation Ice Storm (2003)

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 8 Policing Our Borders Rescue beacons and border drones Monitor illegal activity along the Arizona-Mexico border Use thermal and night-vision equipment to spot illegal immigrants and can detect movement from 15 miles of altitude, read a license plate, and detect weapons

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 9 Policing Organized Crime Organized crime Any group having some manner of formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities Oldest, most profitable, and most dangerous form of organized crime in the US is the Mafia

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 10 Policing Organized Crime Origins can be traced back to 13 th century Sicily “Morte Alle Francia Italia Anela” meaning “Death to the French is Italy’s Cry” The acronym of this is MAFIA Mafia families have a formally organized nature

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 11 Policing Organized Crime By the 1960s the Mafia’s influence in America had grown to a multibillion- dollar syndicate of criminal enterprises run by 26 families nationwide Beginning in the mid-1980s, the FBI led an assault on the Mafia Put away two generations of godfathers

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 12 Policing Organized Crime How was this success obtained? 1. Expanded use of electronic eavesdropping (wiretapping) 2. Use of informants 3. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) Now more of an illicit mom-and-pop operation

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 13 Policing Hate Crimes Hate Crime Statistics Act (1990) Forced police to collect statistics on hate crimes Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) Developed expertise in identifying and tracking hate-crime groups and incidents

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 14 Policing Hate Crimes Authority on hate crimes and groups Intelligence Project Conducts training for law enforcement Counts 803 active hate groups in US Include black separatist groups, Christian identity groups, the KKK, neo-Nazis, neo- Confederates, racist skinheads

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 15 Policing Hate Crimes FBI reports about 9650 hate-crime victimization each year About 52.1% are motivated by racial- bias About 15% are aimed at sexual orientation About 18% religion About 1% aimed at victim’s disability

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 16 Policing Youth Crimes About 46.3% of all persons arrested in the US are under the age of % are under 19 Juvenile crime remains one of the nation’s most serious problems During a recent ten-year period, juveniles ages 12 to 14 and 15 to 17 experienced average annual rates of nonfatal violence that were about 2.5 times higher than rate for adults

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 17 Policing Youth Crimes Four in five victims of nonfatal violent crime, ages 12 to 14, perceived the offender to be a juvenile Laws enacted that make the juvenile system more punitive and easier to transfer juveniles into the adult system Incarceration rate of 645 makes the US second only to that of Russia at 685

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 18 Policing Youth Crimes School violence and bullying Strategies for police and citizens to help prevent school violence 1. Publicizing the philosophy that a gang presence will not be tolerated 2. Alerting students and parents about school rules and punishments

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 19 Policing Youth Crimes 3. Creating alternative schools for students that cannot function in a regular classroom 4. Training parents, teachers, and school staff to identify at risk children 5. Developing community initiatives focused on breaking family cycles of violence 6. Establishing peer counseling

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 20 Policing Youth Crimes School resource officers (SROs) Bullying Two key components 1. Repeated harmful acts 2. An imbalance of power Between 5 and 9 percent of students bully others with some regularity

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 21 Policing Youth Crimes SARA fights bullying in Ohio Survey, interviews, and focus groups conducted by academics from Kent State University’s justice studies department Geographic Information System mapped hot spots in the schools

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 22 Policing Youth Crimes Four areas of concern 1. The environmental design of the school areas 2. Teachers’ knowledge and response to the problem 3. Parents’ attitude and responses 4. Students’ perceptions and behaviors

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 23 Policing Youth Crimes Assessment found the bullying incidents dropped by 60% in the hallways and 80% in the gym area Surveys indicated positive attitudinal change among students

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 24 Policing Youth Crimes Gun violence Overall homicide rate declined in 1980s and 1990s Youth violence, particularly gun homicide began increasing dramatically Research as linked urban gun violence to gang conflicts over drug markets Operation Cease Fire

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 25 Policing Youth Crimes Disorderly conduct in public places Response to the problem 1. Creating alternative legitimate places and activities for youth 2. Encouraging youth to gather where they will not disturb others 3. Reducing the comfort level of popular gathering places

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 26 Policing Youth Crimes 4. Installing and monitoring closed-circuit television cameras 5. Establishing and enforcing rules of conduct 6. Denying youth anonymity by getting to know the names and faces of young people

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 27 Policing Youth Crimes Underage drinking The average age when youth first try alcohol is 11 years for boys and 13 years for girls Average age at which Americans begin drinking regularly is 15.9 years Adolscents who began drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependency than those who began at 21

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 28 Policing Youth Crimes Estimated 3 million teenagers are alcoholics Of the three leading causes of death for 15- to 24-year-olds – automobile crashes, homicides, and suicides – alcohol is a leading factor in all three

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 29 Policing Youth Crimes Police responses to underage drinking 1. Target reduction of the community’s overall alcohol consumption 2. Use a comprehensive approach