Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Education, Employment and Careers in the Geosciences Marcus E. Milling American Geological Institute

Forces Impacting the Geosciences Changing Trends in the 21st Century Emerging New Global Opportunities Restructuring of Federal R&D Enterprise Corporate Mergers and Downsizing Future Demand for Natural Resources New Science Education Standards Environmental Ethic Professional Career Mobilization

US Geoscience Employment AGI Demographic Survey 1986 Academic 7% Government 12% Petroleum 50% Mining 9% Environmental 7% Retired/Unemployed 10% Other 5% Total Population 120,000

US Geoscience Employment NSF National Survey of College Graduates 1993 Petroleum 34% Mining 7% Environment 12% Government 12% Retired/Unemployed 23% Academic 11% Total Population 125,000

US Geoscience Student Enrollment Undergraduate and Graduate Levels ‘60‘65‘70‘75‘80‘85‘90‘ Undergraduate Graduate Students Year AGI, 1999

Total Degrees in Geoscience ‘75‘80‘85‘90‘ Year AGI, 1999 BS MS PhD

Leading Geoscience Departments Ranked by Theses & Dissertations Awarded InstitutionMA/MS PhDTotal Stanford University University of Texas at Austin University of Wisconsin at Madison University of Arizona University of California at Berkeley Pennsylvania State University University of Oklahoma University of Michigan University of Illinois AGI 1991

Female Geoscience Enrollment and Degrees Year Percent Female Enrolled Graduates AGI, Degrees 2061 Enrollment Degrees 2314 Enrollment 11697

Geoscience Graduate Employment Trends North America, 1997 Petroleum 17% Environmental 46% Academic 7% Government 10% Non-geology 17% Mining 3% AAPG, 1997 Total Population 2100

Geoscience Professional Society Membership ‘65‘70‘75‘80‘85‘90‘ AAPG GSA SEG AGU Membership in Thousands AGI 1997 Year

Petroleum Geoscientist Demand Geologists, Geophysicists, and Engineers Year Petroleum Geoscientists (Thousands) New Entries (3% Growth) Current Workforce Total Workforce Demand ??

Geoscience Theses & Dissertation Topics 1950s vs 1980s Environmental/Hydro Economic Geology Geochemistry Geophysics Igneous/Metamorphic Stratigraphy/Paleo Sedimentary Geology Structure/Tectonics Other Number of Theses and Dissertations AGI 1991

Geoscience Faculty Specialties Environmental Petrology Structure Economic Geochemistry Geophysics Paleontology Oceanography General Number of Faculty Reporting Year# of Depts AGI 1997

Future Geoscience Applications Meeting Needs of Society Sustain Supply of Quality Water Resources Provide New Sources of Oil, Gas, and other Energy Sources and Minerals Prediction of Global Climate to Minimize Effects Mitigation of Environmental Hazards Improved Prediction of Natural Hazards

Geoscience Employment Criteria 21st Century Recruiting Targets Team Player Advanced Geoscience Degree Special Technology Skills Generalist and Problem Solver Strong Communication Skills Mobile, Willing to Work Worldwide Cultural Flexibility and Diversity

The Challenge of Change Petroleum downturn like no other Mature declining environmental sector Re-invented scaled-down federal sectors Faculty shortage that never came So where are the opportunities?

Making Our Own Opportunities Rebuild investment in geoscience research Increasing global demand for natural resources K-12 teaching becomes a viable alternative Land-use planning and geotechnical needs Improved Geoindustries-Academic Communications